The current study investigated the therapeutic potential of Citrullus lanatus seeds which are commonly discarded after eating the fruit. In this day and age, plant secondary metabolites are preferred therapeutic agents to manage a variety of diseases and disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the bioactive secondary metabolite profile of Citrullus lanatus seeds by investigating total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant potential, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of bioactive compounds and anti-bacterial properties of four different crude extracts. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols, terpenoids, and glycosides were revealed in the seeds after qualitative phytochemical examination utilizing several solvents of varying polarity and established techniques of analysis. DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to assess the antioxidant potential and the total flavonoid and phenolic contents in seed extracts were determined using the spectrophotometric method. Methanolic extract revealed higher extractive yield, antioxidant potential, a higher total phenolic content (132.68 ± 0.861 mg of GAg), and higher total flavonoid content (48.13 ± 0.451 mg of Qg) as compared to other extracts. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of all four seed extracts revealed the presence of 27 high and low molecular weight chemical entities in toto with varying amounts. These bioactive chemical substances have been revealed to be physiologically significant and essential from a pharmaceutical standpoint. This research demonstrates that the Citrullus lanatus seeds are high in bioactive secondary metabolites that are beneficial to human health, have a high antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial action against certain bacterial strains, indicating that these seeds have a lot of therapeutic value.
Natural products are believed to be one of the richest sources of prophylactic and therapeutic-based compounds which show a wide range of applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. An aqueous extract of Momordica charantia was evaluated systematically for antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH free radical assay), antimicrobial (bacterial strains), and anti-inflammatory (heat-induced hemolysis, proteinase inhibitory activity, protein denaturation, i.e., bovine serum albumin, BSA, and typhoid vaccine) agents, as well as its phenolic content. The results showed its higher concentration of phenolic content, as reported in this study, which is directly correlated with the antioxidant activity of Momordica charantia against DPPH. Similar results were obtained in the antimicrobial assay, where the diameter of the inhibition zone against bacterial strains is measured in millimetres (mm), which is wider in the case of the aqueous extract. In addition, anti-inflammatory studies were also taken into consideration, and the results suggest that higher doses of Momordica charantia may enhanced the percentage of protein denaturation as compared to BSA or typhoid vaccine alone and also induced heat induce hemolysis and proteinase inhibitory activity, In short, Momordica charantia may have shown several immunopharmacological properties, and this study may have been used further have used for isolation of desired prophylactic or therapeutic based compounds and to develop better nutraceutical or pharmaceutical agents.
Secondary metabolites (i.e. flavonoids and terpenoids) were reported in most of the medicinal plant products and showing several immunopharmacological properties which is totally related with human healthcare. In this regard, flavonoids and terpenoids contained in leaves and fruit extract were identified and characterized through high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Further, immunopharmacological studies were explored and investigate its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids and terpenoids from the leaves and fruit extract of Gymnosporia montana. In this study, variable doses of flavonoids and terpenoids were taken into the consideration and studied various parameters. The results suggest that flavonoids and terpenoids at higher doses showed antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity as compared to control. Overall, secondary metabolites exceptionally flavonoids and terpenoids which are being scrutinized and explored its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity leading to the outcome of new clinical drugs.
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