Nonhuman proteins have valuable therapeutic properties, but their efficacy is limited by neutralizing antibodies. Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are potent anticancer agents that have produced many complete remissions in leukemia, but immunogenicity limits the number of doses that can be given to patients with normal immune systems. Using human cells, we identified eight helper T-cell epitopes in PE38, a portion of the bacterial protein Pseudomonas exotoxin A which consists of the toxin moiety of the RIT, and used this information to make LMB-T18 in which three epitopes were deleted and five others diminished by point mutations in key residues. LMB-T18 has high cytotoxic and antitumor activity and is very resistant to thermal denaturation. The new immunotoxin has a 93% decrease in T-cell epitopes and should have improved efficacy in patients because more treatment cycles can be given. Furthermore, the deimmunized toxin can be used to make RITs targeting other antigens, and the approach we describe can be used to deimmunize other therapeutically useful nonhuman proteins.deimmunization | protein engineering I mmunotoxins are chimeric proteins that combine the "magic bullet" specificity of an antibody with the high potency of a toxin. The high specificity of recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) leads to a dramatic decrease in side effects compared with chemotherapy. Moxetumomab Pasudotox (MP) is an RIT that consists of PE38, a fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, fused to an anti-CD22 Fv (1). In a phase I trial for refractory hairy-cell leukemia (HCL), MP had an 86% response rate (2), with 46% complete remissions, and is now in phase III clinical trials (3).Immunogenicity is a stumbling block in the clinical success of many therapeutic proteins (4). Formation of neutralizing antidrug antibodies (5) inactivates the therapeutic agent and can cause serious adverse effects. Although MP had low immunogenicity in the immune-suppressed patients of the HCL trial, some patients did eventually develop antibodies. Consequently, fewer doses could be given to these patients, leading to a reduced response rate. Additionally, RITs targeting solid tumors are less effective than MP because of their high immunogenicity in patients with normal immune systems (6, 7).The role of helper T cells in mounting an immune response is well-established (8, 9). It was previously shown that elimination of murine T-cell epitopes reduced neutralizing antibody formation in mice (10), leading us to the hypothesis that reduction of human T-cell epitopes in the bacterial moiety of RITs would diminish its immunogenicity in humans, allowing more treatment cycles and better antitumor responses, as previously attempted for other therapeutic proteins like erythropoietin (11).To circumvent the immunogenicity of PE38, we previously used peptide pools to map the approximate location of the T-cell epitopes and found an immunodominant and promiscuous epitope that stimulated T cells in 42% of all donors (12). Here, we have done high-resolution mapping of the epitopes ...

Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are chimeric proteins that are being developed for cancer treatment. We have produced RITs that contain PE38, a portion of the bacterial protein Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Because the toxin is bacterial, it often induces neutralizing antibodies, which limit the number of treatment cycles and the effectiveness of the therapy. Because T cells are essential for antibody responses to proteins, we adopted an assay to map the CD4 + T-cell epitopes in PE38. We incubated peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an immunotoxin to stimulate T-cell expansion, followed by exposure to overlapping peptide fragments of PE38 and an IL-2 ELISpot assay to measure responses. Our observation of T-cell responses in 50 of 50 individuals correlates with the frequency of antibody formation in patients with normal immune systems. We found a single, highly immunodominant epitope in 46% (23/50) of the donors. The immunodominant epitope is DRB1-restricted and was observed in subjects with different HLA alleles, indicating promiscuity. We identified two amino acids that, when deleted or mutated to alanine, eliminated the immunodominant epitope, and we used this information to construct mutant RITs that are highly cytotoxic and do not stimulate T-cell responses in many donors.deimmunization | immunogenicity | protein engineering | antidrug antibodies

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) operative in more than 350 centers worldwide. Although its efficacy and favorable safety profile have driven its widespread use, elucidation of its underlying mechanism has been difficult. In this study, we identify the principal contributors to the anticancer immunotherapeutic effects of ECP, with the goal of enhancing potency and broadening applicability to additional malignancies. First, we scaled down the clinical ECP leukocyte-processing device to mouse size. Second, we used that miniaturized device to produce a cellular vaccine that regularly initiated therapeutic antimelanoma immunity. Third, we individually subtracted key factors from either the immunizing inoculum or the treated animal to ascertain their contribution to the antimelanoma response. Platelet-signaled monocyte-to-dendritic cell (DC) differentiation followed by sorting/processing/presentation of tumor antigens derived from internalized apoptotic tumor cells were absolute requirements. As in clinical ECP, immunogenic cell death of tumor cells was finely titrated by DNA cross-linkage mediated by photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOPA). ECP-induced tumor-loaded DC were effective immunotherapeutic agents only if they were spared exposure to 8-MOPA, indicating that healthy DC are required for ECP. Infusion of responder T cells into naïve tumor-challenged mice established the protective role of stimulated T-cell antitumor immunity. Collectively, these results reveal that selective antitumor effects of ECP are initiated by tumor antigen-loaded, ECP-induced DC, which promote potent collaboration between CD4 and CD8 tumor-specific T cells. These mechanistic insights suggest potential therapeutic applicability of ECP to solid tumors in addition to CTCL. These findings identify principal cellular contributors to the anticancer immunotherapeutic impact of ECP and suggest this treatment may be applicable to a broad spectrum of immunogenic malignancies. .

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university centers worldwide. While ECP's clinical efficacy and exemplary safety profile have driven its widespread use, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms has remained a challenge, partly owing to lack of a laboratory ECP model. To overcome this obstacle and create a simple, user-friendly platform for ECP research, we developed a scaled-down version of the clinical ECP leukocyte-processing device, suitable for work with both mouse models, and small human blood samples. This device is termed the Transimmunization (TI) chamber, or plate. In a series of landmark experiments, the miniaturized device was used to produce a cellular vaccine that regularly initiated therapeutic anticancer immunity in several syngeneic mouse tumor models. By removing individual factors from the experimental system and ascertaining their contribution to the in vivo anti-tumor response, we then elucidated key mechanistic drivers of ECP immunizing potential. Collectively, our results revealed that anti-tumor effects of ECP are initiated by dendritic cells (DC), physiologically generated through blood monocyte interaction with platelets in the TI plate, and loaded with antigens from tumor cells whose apoptotic cell death is finely titrated by exposure to the photoactivatable DNA cross-linking agent 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA light (8-MOP A ). When returned to the mouse, this cellular vaccine leads to specific and transferable anti-tumor T cell immunity. We verified that the TI chamber is also suitable for human blood processing, producing human DCs fully comparable in activation state and profile to those derived from the clinical ECP chamber. The protocols presented here are intended for ECP studies in mouse and man, controlled generation of apoptotic tumor cells with 8-MOP A , and rapid production of physiologic human and mouse monocyte-derived DCs for a variety of applications.

comparisons was calculated using unpaired t-test or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Plots and histograms were created and analyzed in Prism (Prism v.9.3.1, GraphPad)

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Human T‐Cell Analysis Researchers at Yale University have designed a new blood test for rapid electronic detection of T‐cell immunity in humans using silicon nanowire arrays. In article number 2109661, Mohsen Nami, Richard Edelson, and co‐workers demonstrate a novel device in near‐instantaneous assessment of individual immunity against COVID‐19, and describe potential applications as a Point‐of‐Care tool for screening vaccine responses or monitoring patient immunity in cancer, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases.