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We analyse data on the distances travelled using car and air transport modes in New Zealand by a large sample of international tourists from six different countries of origin. We use two-stage hurdle models to relate both the decision to use each mode and the distance travelled by a mode if used to visitor characteristics and prices. In general we find little evidence of price sensitivity for either decision, although older tourists, those with longer stays, and non-tour group travellers may be more price-sensitive. The most important characteristics for determining transport behaviour are shown to be length of stay, purpose of visit and travel style (tour vs non-tour).

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This paper reviews and compares patent pools, intellectual property clearinghouses and copyright collectives as systems for promoting efficient access to licensable intellectual property in a 'market for technology ' (Arora et al, 2001). These systems promote downstream use of innovations by economizing on search and transaction costs in licensing, as well as potentially mitigating the conditions that lead to the 'tragedy of the anti-commons' and other coordination problems in multilateral licensing. We compare and classify different systems in terms of their features, review some existing systems, and discuss their economic characteristics.