Friendship is a relationship that can endure across the entire lifespan, serving a vital role for sustaining social connectedness in late life when other relationships may become unavailable. This article begins with a description of the importance of studying friendship in late life and the benefits of friendship for older adults, pointing to the value of additional research for enhancing knowledge about this crucial bond. Next is discussion of theoretical approaches for conceptualizing friendship research, followed by identification of emerging areas of late-life friendship research and novel questions that investigators could explore fruitfully. We include a presentation of innovative research methods and existing national and international data sets that can advance late-life friendship research using large samples and cross-national comparisons. The final section advocates for development and assessment of interventions aimed at improving friendship and reducing social isolation among older adults.

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A growing number of studies within the field of gerontology have included samples recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk), an online crowdsourcing portal. While some research has examined how younger adult participants recruited through other means may differ from those recruited using MTurk, little work has addressed this question with older adults specifically. In the present study, we examined how older adults recruited via MTurk might differ from those recruited via a national probability sample, the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), on a battery of outcomes related to health and cognition. Using a Latin-square design, we examined the relationship between recruitment time, remuneration amount, and measures of cognitive functioning. We found substantial differences between our MTurk sample and the participants within the HRS, most notably within measures of verbal fluency and analogical reasoning. Additionally, remuneration amount was related to differences in time to complete recruitment, particularly at the lowest remuneration level, where recruitment completion required between 138 and 485 additional hours. While the general consensus has been that MTurk samples are a reasonable proxy for the larger population, this work suggests that researchers should be wary of overgeneralizing research conducted with older adults recruited through this portal.

Adult day services (ADS) aim to help elders age in place, but evidence of impact on participants lags behind caregiver research. To play a larger role in the continuum of care, ADS participant outcomes should regularly be documented with standard measures. We conducted a Delphi review of one integrated participant assessment system. Capturing physical, mental, and cognitive health indicators and activity engagement of typical ADS participants (i.e., frail elders eligible for nursing home placement), experts evaluated the system on instrument validity, relevance, and application. Practitioners and researchers completed multiple assessments of the system's instruments and alternatives. Finally, panelists addressed the potential benefits and challenges of system adoption by ADS providers. Panelists concurred that such a system would benefit individuals, families, and providers; concerns related to cost and staffing requirements and appropriateness for distinct client populations. A refined system can reveal best practices to enhance ADS service delivery and participant outcomes.

Recent research in exercise science has important applications for middle-aged and older adults and points to how the programming of individual and multicomponent interventions including theory-based health behavior change strategies may be improved to compress morbidity by delaying or reducing the disabling process. High-intensity interval training and sprint interval training until recently were seen as only applicable to athletes. But recent lab-based research has adapted these interventions for even older adults and demonstrated their safety with beneficial outcomes on cardiometabolic risk factors comparable to or surpassing the usual lower- to moderate-intensity endurance training, and their potential translatability by showing the efficacy of much lower duration and frequency of training, even by systematic stair climbing. Moreover, people report positive affect while engaged in such training. For a century, resistance training was conceived as weightlifting with heavy weights required. Recent research has shown that using a higher degree of effort with lighter to moderate resistance in simple, time efficient protocols result in gains in strength and muscle mass similar to heavy resistance, as well as improvement of cardiometabolic risk factors, strength, body composition, and cognitive, affective, and functional abilities. More effort-based resistance training with moderate resistance may make resistance training more appealing and accessible to older adults. A key potential translational finding is that with correct technique and a high degree of effort, training with inexpensive, portable elastic bands, useable virtually anywhere, can provide appreciable benefits. More emphasis should be placed on long-term, translational interventions, resources, and programs that integrate interval and resistance trainings. This work may improve public health programs for middle-aged and older adults and reflects an emerging evidence base.

Adult day services (ADS) provide care to adults with physical, functional, and/or cognitive limitations in nonresidential, congregate, community-based settings. ADS programs have emerged as a growing and affordable approach within the home and community-based services sector. Although promising, the growth of ADS has been hampered by a lack of uniform outcome measures and data collection protocols. In this article, the authors detail a recent effort by leading researchers and practitioners in ADS to develop a set of uniform outcome measures. Based upon three recent efforts to develop outcome measures, selection criteria were established and an iterative process was conducted to debate the merits of outcome measures across three domains-participant well-being, caregiver well-being, and health care utilization. The authors conclude by proposing a uniform set of outcome measures to (a) standardize data collection, (b) aid in the development of programming, and

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