The objective of this research is to analyze the conceivable cointegration and direction of causality among the oil price, trade openness, foreign direct investment and the growth rate in Thailand, using the time series data from 1974 to 2018. In addition to these variables’ fiscal development and inflation are also employed to observe the influence of financial openness on economic growth. Johansen cointegration test is utilized to detect long-run relationship incorporated with the vector error correction for the short-term association. Further, granger causality is utilized to determine the direction of causality among the contending variables. The outcomes of Johansen and vector error confirms the short and long-term affiliation among variables in Thailand. The coefficient of VECM (Wald test) detect the cumulative influence on the growth rate. The estimations of granger causality affirmed that oil price, inflation, fiscal development via trade, granger cause the growth rate and the fiscal development and foreign direct investment granger causes the growth rate in bi-direction and uni-direction, respectively. The study suggests, based on the impulse response function (under the consideration of the behavior of variables) government should liberalize trade openness as it fortifies the position of Thailand in the neighbored.
Recently, credit disbursement and fossil fuel utilization increased to enhance wheat production so peasants could benefit from the green revolution. To look at the impact of credit disbursement, fossil fuel utilization, and the determinants of the green revolution were arranged to investigate the association among them. For this purpose, the study employed the time series in the perspective of Pakistan, spanning 1971 to 2019. Modern econometrics techniques like Johansen cointegration, vector autoregressive and impulse response function were employed along with a number of diagnostics tests. Evidence of the Johansen model shows significant long-run cointegration among the green revolution, credit disbursement, fossil fuel, and total wheat production. The Johansen test elaborates that 1% increase in credit disbursement and fossil fuel increases the total wheat production by 0.57% and 0.04 % respectively. Moreover, the determinants of the green revolution also positively affect wheat production. While the coefficient, residual and stability diagnostic tests are in favor of the study. The findings of the impulse response function state that all the concerned variables positively affect the total wheat production in the coming years. The study suggested that the government and private sector should invest in research and development to introduce the organic chemical and forming to avoid soil fertility and environmental degradation.
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