Background and Objectives In the absence of a vaccine or specific antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 convalescent plasma became one of the experimental treatment options in many countries. Aim of this study was to assess the impact of different pathogen reduction technologies on the immunological properties of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Materials and Methods In our experiment 140 doses of plasma collected by plasmapheresis from COVID-19 convalescent donors were subjected to pathogen reduction with one of three different methods: methylene blue (M), riboflavin (R), and amotosalen (A). To conduct a paired two-sample comparison each plasma dose was divided into 2 that were treated by one of these technologies. The titres of SARS-CoV2 neutralizing antibodies (NtAbs) and levels of specific immunoglobulins to RBD, S- and N- proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were measured before and after pathogen reduction. Results All methods reduced NtAbs titers significantly but not at the same grade: among units with the initial titre 80 or above, 81% of units had unchanged titres while 19% decreased by 1 step after methylene blue; 60% unchanged and 40% - decreased by 1 step after amotosalen; 43% unchanged, 67% a one-step decrease and 6% - a two-step decrease after riboflavin. Pairwise two-sample comparisons (M vs A, M vs R and A vs R) revealed the most prominent and statistically significant decrease in all studied parameters (except anti-RBD) following pathogen reduction with riboflavin. Conclusion Pathogen reduction with amotosalen and methylene blue provides the greater likelihood of preserving the immunological properties of the COVID-19 convalescent plasma compared to riboflavin.

Conclusion Pathogen reduction with methylene blue or with amotosalen provides the greater likelihood of preserving the immunological properties of the COVID-19 convalescent plasma compared to riboflavin.

АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ. Темпы развития пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) и высокая летальность обусловили необходимость поиска всех возможных методов лечения. Реконвалесцентная плазма (РП) стала ценным эмпирическим ресурсом для поддержки здравоохранения, особенно на начальном этапе пандемии COVID-19. Она по-прежнему остается объектом внимания многих ученых, в то время как данные относительно эффективности РП являются достаточно противоречивыми. ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Целью настоящего обзора является анализ результатов современных исследований по эффективности и безопасности клинического применения РП. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Обзор литературы был проведен в электронных базах данных PubMed, MedRxiv, Cochrane Library, Cochrane COVID-19 study registry с 7 июня 2021 г. по 20 декабря 2021 г. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. В данной работе выполнен обзор основных сравнительных ретроспективных или проспективных исследований по применению РП. Применение РП известно с 1880-х гг. при лечении дифтерии, испанского гриппа, кори, полиомиелита, а в XXI в. РП использовали при эпидемии лихорадки Эбола, вируса гриппа H1N1, других коронавирусах. Терапия РП основана на концепции пассивной иммунизации и включает в себя введение антител от доноров-реконвалесцентов, обладающих вирус-нейтрализующей активностью (ВНА) к данному вирусу. В целях минимизации рисков гемотрансмиссивных инфекций используются технологии редукции патогенов. Исторические и текущие данные об использовании РП подтверждают безопасность ее использования. Были рассмотрены критерии эффективности применения и сроки назначения РП. Представлены клинические данные, подтверждающие эффективность РП у определенных групп пациентов. ВЫВОДЫ. Применение РП является безопасным и целесообразно у серонегативных больных с COVID-19 на ранних сроках заболевания или при наличии иммунодефицитного состояния. Наибольшей эффективностью обладает РП с высокими титрами ВНА. У тяжелых больных на поздних сроках болезни терапия РП не приводит к регрессии заболевания и увеличению выживаемости.

The article provides the main statements of the guidelines for the anesthesia and intensive care of patients with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), developed by the Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists of Russia. In the process of developing the recommendations, the publications of the official websites of the Russian Federation, the electronic databases of the RSCI, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were analyzed by the developers independently of each other. The date of the last search query was February 01, 2021. To develop the recommendations for the Guidelines, were used documents directly describing the features of the management of patients with NCI COVID-19 (guidelines - 34; randomized clinical trials and Cochrane Reviews - 13; observational and comparative studies - 107; other documents, notes and comments - 64), and documents describing anesthesia and intensive care in the general population of patients. Compared to the previous 4th version of the guidelines, the recommendations in 8 sections have been corrected; new subsections “Chronic kidney disease”, “Rehabilitation treatment of patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit”, “Routing of patients with COVID-19 to the stages of rehabilitation” were created; revised 1 Appendix, additionally developed 7 Appendices; the section “Quality criteria” has been supplemented. The provisions of the current version of the guidelines highlight the specifics of anesthesia, intensive care, rehabilitation, resuscitation measures, manipulation, transportation, prevention of the spread of COVID-19 in the implementation of these activities. Methods of protecting personnel from infection with COVID-19 during manipulations, anesthesia and intensive care are considered. The features of respiratory support, extracorporeal detoxification, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, thromboprophylaxis, drug interactions are described. The features of management of pregnant women, children of different age groups, patients with concomitant diseases, the principles of the formation of stocks of drugs and consumables are considered.

The article provides the main statements of the guidelines for the anesthesia and intensive care of patients with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), developed by the Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists of Russia. In the process of developing the recommendations, the publications of the official websites of the Russian Federation, the electronic databases of the RSCI, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were analyzed by the developers independently of each other. The date of the last search query was June 29, 2020. To develop the Guidelines for the recommendations, were used documents that directly describing the features of the management of patients with coronavirus disease COVID-19 (guidelines and guidelines - 16; randomized clinical trials and Cochrane Reviews - 8; observational and comparative studies - 77; other documents, notes and comments - 54) and describing anesthetic and resuscitation support in the general population of patients. The provisions of the recommendations highlight the specifics of anesthesia, intensive care, resuscitation, manipulation, and prevention of the spread of COVID-19 in the implementation of these activities. Methods of protecting personnel from infection with COVID-19 during manipulations, anesthesia and intensive care are considered. The features of respiratory support, extracorporeal detoxification, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, thromboprophylaxis are described. The features of the management of pregnant women, children of different age, patients with concomitant diseases, issues of transportation of patients are considered.