The balance of body fluids is critical to health and the development of diseases. Although quite a few review papers have shown that several mechanisms, including hormonal and behavioral regulation, play an important role in body fluid homeostasis in adults, there is limited information on the development of regulatory mechanisms for fetal body fluid balance. Hormonal, renal, and behavioral control of body fluids function to some extent in utero. Hormonal mechanisms including the renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, and vasopressin are involved in modifying fetal renal excretion, reabsorption of sodium and water, and regulation of vascular volume. In utero behavioral changes, such as fetal swallowing, have been suggested to be early functional development in response to dipsogens. Since diseases, such as hypertension, can be traced to fetal origin, it is important to understand the development of fetal regulatory mechanisms for body fluid homeostasis in this early stage of life. This review focuses on fetal hormonal, behavioral, and renal development related to regulation of body fluids in utero.
Background and purpose
Whether the association between galectin‐3 and stroke outcome is modified by fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is unknown. The aim was to evaluate the prognostic effect of galectin‐3 amongst ischaemic stroke patients stratified by FPG.
Methods
In all, 3082 ischaemic stroke patients were included in this study and serum galectin‐3 was tested at baseline. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of death and vascular events, and secondary outcomes were death, stroke recurrence and vascular events within 1 year after stroke.
Results
Increased galectin‐3 was significantly associated with the primary outcome, stroke recurrence and vascular events in the patients with hyperglycemia but not in those with normoglycemia (P for interaction < 0.05 for all). The multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.72 (1.05–2.84), 2.64 (1.14–6.12) and 2.68 (1.33–5.38) for the primary outcome, stroke recurrence and vascular events, respectively. A linear association between galectin‐3 and the primary outcome was observed in hyperglycemic patients (P for linearity = 0.007).
Conclusion
Increased galectin‐3 was associated with the primary outcome, stroke recurrence and vascular events within 1 year after stroke in the patients with hyperglycemia, suggesting that galectin‐3 may be an important prognostic factor for ischaemic stroke patients with hyperglycemia.
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