In recent decade there has been a substantial increase in breast cancer both in developed and developing countries. It's also has been the major cause of mortality in women, despite much progress in treatment for breast cancer. There is always a debate in assessment of prognosis in breast cancer. Inflammation play a major role in pathogenesis of breast cancer based of the cell type. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a simple parameter which helps in predicting the prognosis of the patient. In this study, we would like to analyse peripheral blood neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in breast cancer patients and its correlation with disease staging. This cross-sectional study was conducted in R.L Jalappa hospital. A total of 30 female patients with breast cancer met the inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria included clinical evidence of active infection, presence of haematological disorders, acute as well as chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, or prior steroid therapy. There was no association between the tumour size and age of patients with NLR. There was a significant relationship between NLR and staging of the disease.
BACKGROUND: Delay in diagnosis leads to various complications like perforation, abscess formation. Evaluation of serum bilirubin helps in diagnosis of complications, like perforation, morbidity, wound infection, prognosis associated with acute abdomen. The aim of the study is to evaluate serum bilirubin levels to predict complications prior to surgery. METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which includes 164 study subjects diagnosed with acute abdomen such as appendicitis, peritonitis, cholecystitis. All study subjects were subjected to clinical evaluation, Laboratory investigations such as liver function tests, ultrasound and x ray abdomen in erect posture. The data was compiled and analysed. The Fisher's exact, Pearson's χ2, ANOVA, and Kruskal–Wallis tests while logistic regression for multivariate analysis was performed. p < 0.05 was accepted as statistically signicant Results: In our study patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis 35 cases showed elevated WBC count mean 9.81 ±SD 3.254. 7 cases showed raised TDB 0.50 SD± 0.526. In acute appendicitis with perforation 25 cases had raised WBC counts mean 12.13±SD 3.764. 3 cases had increased levels of TDB mean 1.32±SD 0.9333. WBC, TDB levels are increased among patients with acute appendicitis with perforation compared to patients with acute appendicitis which is statistically signicant (p₌0.002 and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Hyperbilirubinemia, especially with elevated direct bilirubin levels, may be considered as an important marker for the prediction of appendiceal gangrene/perforation which is cost effective in a rural set up where CTscan cannot be performed.
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