Актуальність. За останні десятиріччя стан здоров’я та фізичний розвиток дитячого населення України погіршуються. Серед факторів, що спричиняють зниження рівня дитячого здоров’я, чи не найважливіша роль відводиться навчальному навантаженню, стресогенна дія якого веде до розвитку дезадаптаційного синдрому з невротичними реакціями різного ступеня інтенсивності. Матеріали та методи. На основі даних анкетування школярів м. Львова у 2002 р. (20 000 школярів), 2013 р. (32 000 учнів) і 2017 р. (70 000 школярів) поданий порівняльний аналіз вікової частоти основних скарг і симптомів, медико-соціальних особливостей учнів 1–11-х класів. Результати. Стан здоров’я школярів останніми роками не має тенденції до покращання. Найбільш частими є скарги школярів на біль у животі, печію, нудоту, біль голови, зниження апетиту, симптоми вегетативної лабільності й астенічного синдрому, інші симптоми синдрому шкільної дезадаптації, що, ймовірно, пов’язано з високим рівнем шкільного навантаження, неадекватним харчуванням, дією стресогенних факторів на тлі значного зниження фізичної активності школярів. Сучасний раціон школярів є незбалансованим, він не забезпечує добового надходження всіх необхідних нутрієнтів, у тому числі вітамінів і мікроелементів. Висновки. Комплексний підхід до оцінки стану здоров’я школярів на основі об’єктивної інформації, впровадження нових оздоровчих технологій, об’єднання зусиль медичних працівників, педагогів і батьків може запобігти розвитку функціональних порушень і органічної патології в школярів, їх хронізації, зменшити симптоми шкільної дезадаптації, підвищити рівень здоров’я і їх здатність до навчання, а також запобігти розвитку захворювань у дорослому віці. При цьому дана технологія не вимагає значних фінансових інвестицій.
Introduction. The nutrition of primary school children does not always meet modern nutritional standards. The frequency of nutritional deficiencies, including calcium and vitamin D, among this age group remains unstudied. The aim of the study. To establish the characteristics of nutritional provision and the prevalence of nutrient deficiencies in the daily nutrition of primary school children, including calcium and vitamin D deficiencies and to propose methods of correction. Materials and methods. 5 consecutive stages of the study were conducted. At the first stage in 2019, the assessment of eating behavior in 190 children of grades 1-4 of two schools in the city of Lviv was conducted using a questionnaire. In the second stage, the features of the diet and ration and daily nutritional intake were determined using a special licensed program Dietplan 7 (UK). The analysis of daily nutrient intake was performed for 172 children. In the third stage, a study was conducted on the level of total, ionized calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood, and a study on the calcium content in the hair of 56 children with insufficient daily intake of calcium and / or vitamin D. In the fourth stage, 30 children with reduced levels of calcium in the hair were detected, differentiated correction measures were performed. To do this, the children were divided into two groups: the control group - 15 children whose deficiencies were corrected by diet modification, and the main group - 15 children - whose deficiencies were corrected by diet modification and the intake of calcium at a dose of 500.0 mg and vitamin D at a dose of 5.0 mg (200.0 IU) once a day for three months. In the fifth stage, to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment after three months of follow-up, all 30 children were re-analyzed for calcium content in the hair using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results. Appetite disturbance was observed in 28.9 % of schoolchildren, 17.4 % ate under duress, 14.3 % ate irregularly, 13.7% ate insufficient portions, 11.0 % were on different diets, many schoolchildren had eating disorders: ate before sleep (83.6 %), while watching TV (33.6 %). The diet was often unbalanced, children consumed insufficient fish (58.9 %), vegetables (43.2 %), dairy products (33.7 %), meat (26.8 %) Low calcium intake was observed in 50.6 % boys and 70.7 % of girls, vitamin D in 84.9 % of boys and 96.9 % of girls. Among children with a reduced daily intake of calcium and vitamin D, 42.9 % of children had a reduced level of total and / or ionized calcium, 48.2 % had a reduced level of vitamin D in the blood serum, and 53.6 % had a reduced calcium content in the hair. After 3 months of correction, we found that in the hair of children in the main group, who underwent dietary correction and were prescribed calcium and vitamin D, a significant increase in the average calcium content (up to 293.6 ± 80.6 mg/kg; p < 0.01) was observed, while in control group children who received only a modified diet, had only a tendency to increase the average amount of calcium in the hair (up to 185.14 ± 82.38 mg/kg; p > 0.05). Conclusions. For most primary school children, nutrition is unbalanced, which does not meet all the needs of a rapidly growing and intensively developing child's metabolism. A significant number of children have eating disorders: they do not eat regularly, do not eat enough food, eat food while watching TV, just before bed, do not have lunch at school, like fast food, 10% of students are on various diets. Almost a third of schoolchildren have a deficiency of daily intake of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and energy, and half of schoolchildren have a deficiency in the consumption of dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids. Most students have a daily deficiency of iodine, magnesium, selenium, iron and calcium, vitamin E, biotin, vitamin D, retinol, vitamin C, carotene, pantothenate. Among children with reduced daily intake of calcium and vitamin D in 42.9 % of children a reduced content of total and / or ionized calcium in the blood was found, and in 53.6 % of children in this group - in the hair. The use of a non-invasive method of studying the calcium content in the hair allows to determine the calcium deficiency in the child's body and control the process of its recovery. For children with insufficient daily intake of calcium and vitamin D, it is advisable to recommend a diet modification with increased consumption of milk, dairy products, yogurt and cheese, beans, spinach, broccoli, other leafy greens, wheat germ, nuts, sesame seeds, fish. To correct the existing calcium deficiency, it is advisable to use calcium supplements with vitamin D, combining this with a modification of the diet with an increase in food that contains the nutrients mentioned above. Keywords: schoolchildren, food deficiencies, calcium, vitamin D.
Background. The health of a growing and developing child holds a valuable place in the system of general values in the family and country. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to children’s nutrition considering its programming nature concerning both a child’s health and peculiarities of his/her development. The purpose of the study is to determine the food behavior and nutritional supply of schoolchildren in primary school. Materials and methods. We were monitoring 190 pupils of the 1st — 4th grades in two schools in the city of Lviv. Among them, there were 109 (57.4 %) girls and 81 (42.6 %) boys. All the children were from socially secure, full families. To determine the nutritional value of the diet, parents carefully recorded the child’s diet for 3 days, followed by processing the results in the Dietplan 7 program. Results. A child’s normal appetite is a sign of a child’s health and the absence of symptoms of school maladaptation. In our study, 28.9 % of primary school pupils had appetite disorders, with 23.6 % having reduced or poor appetite and 5.3 % having an excessive appetite. The normal body mass index was determined in 73.7 % of schoolchildren, decreased in 9 %, and increased in 17.3 % of children. Most schoolchildren had an increased daily intake of protein, carbohydrates, calories, saturated fats, and cholesterol, as well as insufficient daily intake of polyunsaturated fats, vitamins (A, E, C, D, B1, B9, B12), and minerals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, P, J, Se). Conclusions. The modern diet of primary school pupils in Ukraine is unbalanced. It contains excessive amounts of energy, carbohydrates, proteins with a simultaneous deficiency of fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids, micro- and macronutrients, vitamins, which can affect the health of children, their physical and intellectual development, cause problems with learning the curriculum. A significant number of schoolchildren have a combined deficiency of vitamins and minerals. The formation of nutritional deficiencies in pupils is quite diverse and requires an individual approach to the correction of a child’s diet; in some cases, it is also necessary to get a nutritionist consultation and consume several dietary supplements.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.