The flow regimes bubble flow, pulse flow, and spray flow were identified by visual observation in a packed column. Three gas-liquid systems (air/water, air/56 % glycerol, and air/monoethanolamine) and four column packings (Raschig rings, Intalox saddles, and two sizes of spheres) were investigated to cover wide ranges of physical properties of gas liquid systems and characteristics of column packings affecting the flow regime transition. Criteria for the flow regime transition were developed in terms of system and operating variables.
Interfacial area is measured for a large range of column packing (Raschig rings, Intalox saddles, and two sizes of spheres) for concurrent gas-liquid upflow through packed bed covering bubble, pulse and early spray flow regimes using air-aqueous sodium sulfite solution. It was observed that the interfacial area increased with increase in fluids flow rate and decreased with the increase in the particle size for the same type of packing. A correlation (3 ≤ Re l ≤ 165, 0.5 ≤ Re g ≤ 210) was developed using present data (120 data points) and literature data (100 data points), which predict the interfacial area with an rms deviation of 16%.La zone interfaciale est mesurée pour une vaste gamme de remplissage (anneaux de Raschig, selles Intalox et deux tailles de sphères) pour un courant ascendant gaz-liquide simultané dans un lit fixe couvrant les régimes de bulles, d'impulsions et de flux de pulvérisation précoces au moyen d'une solution de sulfite de sodium atmosphérique-aqueuse. On a observé que la zone interfaciale s'accroissait avec l'augmentation du débit des fluides et diminuait avec l'augmentation de la taille des particules pour le même type de remplissage. Une corrélation (3 ≤ Re l ≤ 165, 0.5 ≤ Re g ≤ 210) aété créée au moyen des données actuelles (120 points de données) et des données de la littérature (100 points de données) qui prédisent la zone interfaciale présentant unécart-type de 16%.
Increased population growth, industrialization, and modern culture create a variety of consequences, including environmental pollution, heavy metal accumulation, and decreasing energy resources. This perilous position necessitates the development of long-term energy resources and strategies to address environmental threats and power shortages. In this study, an investigation into the use of castor seed oil cake and waste tyres as a feed material for the copyrolysis process for yielding maximum oil production was performed. The copyrolysis experiments were performed by changing the mass percentage of waste tyres with oil cake to make different ratios of 100 : 0, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, 25 : 75, and 0 : 100. At 50 : 50 ratio, the maximum positive synergy on oil production was obtained. At that condition, a maximum of 59.8 wt% oil was produced and characterized to analyze its physiochemical properties. The coprocessing of the selected two feed materials enables the stabilization of the oil, as the produced oil has a lower oxygen content with a maximum heating value of 38.72 MJ/kg. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the oil showed the existence of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic elements. Adding waste tyres to the biomass improved the quality of the oil by increasing carbon content with reduced oxygen content.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.