To date, quite a lot of research has been carried out in the field of natural sciences regarding the problem of pollution of the Baltic Sea, but their results are available to a small community of scientists and experts. Most of the population receives information from media messages, in which it is inevitably transformed. The purpose of the study is to identify the main constructs (representations of problems) formed on news portals on the subject of pollution of the Baltic Sea. A constructivist approach was used to analyze the materials. The study revealed that the media form a picture that is significantly different from objective scientific information about the pollution of the Baltic Sea. At the same time, the interpretation of environmental problems differs markedly on regional and federal news portals. Three main types of constructs have been identified: the construct of danger, the construct of economic gain, and the construct of local environmental conflict. These constructs form citizens' perceptions of environmental problems and ways to overcome them. Understanding not only real environmental problems, but their representation in the media, which shape citizens' perceptions of these problems, is necessary to develop a pollution minimization strategy.
Studying the behavior of consumers of various goods and services in the offline and online environment is a necessary element of an effective business in any field. Consumer behavior studies provide insight into how the process of making a decision to purchase a product takes place, and also allows you to identify the tools of influence on consumers on the part of manufacturers and sellers. The author presents a review of the literature on the influence of online reviews on customer behavior, and the author also conducted a study to clarify the presence and level of influence of online customer reviews on the purchase decision process for handmade products. Based on the analysis of the literature, the article identifies the factors of online customer reviews that influence the purchase decision process for handmade products: the quality of online customer reviews, the characteristics of online customer reviews and the number of online customer reviews. The quality of online customer reviews is determined by relevance, reliability, understandability, sufficiency, number of words in the online review, usefulness of the online reviews, and enjoyment of the online reviews. The characteristics of online customer reviews are determined by the text, images and rating in the online customer review. The results of the study showed that online reviews, among other sources of information, are considered quite reliable by buyers, online reviews have an impact on the purchase decision process for handmade products. Among the online review quality metrics, the perceived reliability of an online review, the number of words in an online review, and the perceived usefulness of an online review have the biggest impact on the purchase decision process for handmade products. Among the specific characteristics of an online review, the images in the online review are the most influential. The number of online reviews is also one of the important factors influencing the purchase decision process for handmade products. The results obtained are important for developing directions for improving the marketing tools of the master of handmade products.
The aim of establishing of protected areas is the preservation of natural heritage. The small populations of indigenous peoples engaged in hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding are heavily dependent on natural conditions. Any territorial alterations associated with industry and commerce impact the indigenous economy. The indigenous peoples often have their original approaches to nature protection. Therefore, conflicts between the locals and the administration of protected areas happen frequently. The reasons of mutual misunderstanding include the lack of clearly delineated borderlines within protected areas, the necessity for the locals to abandon their hunting territories and constrains imposed on their traditional trades. Moreover, it is often hard for the indigenous peoples to accept emerging restrictions related to what has been ever belonging to their ancestors. After a protected area has been established, it often becomes an attraction for tourists unfamiliar with local traditions. There often sacred places in territories inhabited by the indigenous peoples. Strict rules must be observed by those who visit such places. Many problems are region-specific. Common problems include illegal deforestation, hunting and fishing and uncontrolled tourism. The present paper discusses more and less successful approaches to co-administration of protected areas.
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