The field of avian cardiology is continually expanding. Although a great deal of the current knowledge base has been derived from poultry data, research and clinical reports involving companion avian species have been published. This article will present avian cardiovascular anatomy and physiology, history and physical examination considerations in the avian cardiac disease patient, specific diagnostic tools, cardiovascular disease processes, and current therapeutic modalities.

Vagal tone, as assessed by BRS, is markedly depressed in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation.

Vagal tone, as assessed by BRS, is markedly depressed in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation.