Tetraploids of daylily have taken a leading position among the daylily cultivars due to desirable traits such as vigorous growth and flowers with more intense colour. In our previous studies, several tetraploids of daylily cultivars 'Blink of an Eye' and 'Berlin Multi' were obtained using in vitro techniques with different antimitotic agents (colchicine, oryzalin, trifluralin, and amiprophos methyl). The purposes of this study were to evaluate changes in daylily tetraploids in relation to their diploid counterparts and to assess variation among diploids and tetraploids derived from genetically homogenous plant material treated with antimitotic agents. In the first year of the ex vitro cultivation, growth of tetraploids was poorer in comparison with diploids, but in the second year, tetraploid growth was much more vigorous. Compared to diploids, in tetraploids of both cultivars percentage of flowering plants was lower, flowering was delayed by 8 days and 1 month in 'Blink of an Eye' and 'Berlin Multi', respectively, and bud number per scape was lower by approximately 20 and 40 %, respectively. Tetraploid leaves and flowers of both cultivars were significantly larger, chlorophyll concentration index was higher by approximately 40 %, and stomata were longer by 35 %. In 'Berlin Multi' tetraploids, inflorescence stems were shorter by 20 %. In 'Blink of an Eye', variation in flower colour tone and shape and stamen malformation rate was detected both within the unconverted diploids and tetraploids but was more evident in tetraploids. In both cultivars, variation was also found in the nuclear DNA content, which ranged in diploids and tetraploids, respectively, 8.02-8.53 and 16.01-17.13 pg in 'Berlin Multi ' and 8.28-8.71 and 15.93-17.36 pg in 'Blink of an Eye'. Since the variation, while less evident, also occurred in the diploids (regenerated from the antimitotic treated material), we suppose that these variations could be due to antimitotic agents that can induce not only chromosome doubling but also chromosomal and gene mutations. The extent and character of these changes can be related to parental genotype and/or antimitotic agent. Further research is required at the cytological and molecular level to explain the character of changes, epigenetic and/or genetic.
Improvement of the male sterile cauliflower genotypes with Brassica nigra cytoplasm (CMS) according to ability for generative propagation and quality of agronomical traits was performed in former Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, presently Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland in the years of 2002-2010. Cauliflower CMS lines and their fertile maintainers were back-crossed with good quality cauliflower breeding lines followed by the stabilization of sterility/or rf, rf nuclear genes in consecutive generations. The presence of untypically developed plants with chimeral generative stacks or partially fertile flowers among segregating test-cross progeny of improved maintainers may suggest the presence of some non-allelic genetic factors modifying the fertility/sterility character for a part of the plants. As a result CMS genotypes with B. nigra cytoplasm and their maintainers with improved quality, significantly higher seeding index, and lower level of flower deformations were obtained.
AcknowledgementThis brochure is based upon work from COST Action FA1105 BioGreenhouse, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The authors wish to thank many colleagues for their contribution to this brochure and Ms. José Frederiks (Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture) for processing layout and printing.Link to the Action: http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/fa/FA1105 and: http://www.biogreenhouse.org/ Correct citation of this document:Stanghellini, C., Baptista, F., Eriksson, E., Gilli, C., Giuffrida , F., Kempkes, F., Muñoz, P., Stepowska, A. , Montero, DisclaimerThe information in this booklet is based on the expert opinions of the various authors. Neither they, nor their employers, can accept any responsibility for loss or damage occurring as a result of following the information contained in this booklet. Action on the same subject. Mid 2011 the proposal "Towards a sustainable and productive EU organic greenhouse horticulture", in short, BioGreenhouse, was submitted.At the end of 2011 COST approved this proposal as COST Action FA1105 (see http://www.cost.eu/COST_ Actions/fa/FA1105 and www.biogreenhouse.org), which builds a network of experts working in the field of organic protected horticulture and aims to develop and to disseminate through coordinated international efforts, knowledge for new and improved production strategies, methods and technologies to support sustainable and productive organic greenhouse/protected horticulture in the EU. In total 27 participating COST countries and two COST Neighbouring countries took part in the Action.This Action offered the framework and funds for experts of the participating countries to meet and to work together in Working Groups concerning the objectives of the Action. The objectives related to climate and energy management where: an inventory of the use of fossil energy in the present organic greenhouse horticulture;to develop guidelines for the reduction of the use of primary energy in different regions; to join available information about reduction of energy use and improvement of productivity; and to evaluate the feasibility of substitutes of fossil energy.Nine experts from different regions worked together on this topic. They have addressed their task with commitment, by reviewing the regulations as they exist on energy use for heating and humidity control in the different regions in Europe; presenting strategies for reduction of energy requirement and to increase the productivity of energy; by reviewing the indirect use of energy and the options for replacement of fossil energy by renewable energy.Together they realised this booklet:"Sensible use of primary energy in organic greenhouse production" I believe this booklet will prove a unique source of information for all people and institutions involved in research in organic protected horticulture; for researchers, students, teachers, consultants and suppliers. This booklet could also serve also a starting point for developing strategies for a climate-neutral organic greenhouse ho...
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