Research in novel drug delivery systems is being explored competitively in order to attain maximum therapeutic effect while minimizing the adverse effects. Despite several advancements in pharmaceutical formulations, one of the major challenges still persisting is sustained drug release. Microencapsulation enacts as an intelligent approach with a strong therapeutic impact and is in demand globally in medical technology due to its specific and attractive properties, including biocompatibility, stability, target specificity, uniform encapsulation, better compliance, and controlled and sustained release patterns that are responsible for diminishing the toxicity and dosage frequency. Microparticles are successful delivery systems that encapsulate both water-insoluble and sparingly water-soluble agents to elicit their efficacy with a great potential attributed to their unique properties: particle size, shape, structure, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, porosity, and release profile. Several marketed microparticle-based formulations are available, including risperidone, buserelin, and octreotide acetate, and some of them are in clinical trials. The present review highlights the detailed therapeutic applications of microparticles with advances from the last decade to treat various disease conditions, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders, as well as for vaccine delivery, ocular and pulmonary delivery, gene transfer, etc., and exemplifies the future perspectives in these aspects. One day in the future, microparticle-based formulations may become broadly researched in drug delivery systems.
This review concisely recapitulates the different existing modes of stent-mediated gene/drug delivery, their considerable advancement in clinical trials and a rationale for other merging new technologies such as nanotechnology and microRNA-based therapeutics, in addition to addressing the limitations in each of these perpetual stent platforms. Over the past decade, stent-mediated gene/drug delivery has materialized as a hopeful alternative for cardiovascular disease and cancer in contrast to routine conventional treatment modalities. Regardless of the phenomenal recent developments achieved by coronary interventions and cancer therapies that employ gene and drug-eluting stents, practical hurdles still remain a challenge. The present review highlights the limitations that each of the existing stent-based gene/drug delivery system encompasses and therefore provides a vision for the future with respect to discovering an ideal stent therapeutic platform that would circumvent all the practical hurdles witnessed with the existing technology. Further study of the improvisation of next-generation drug-eluting stents has helped to overcome the issue of restenosis to some extent. However, current stent formulations fall short of the anticipated clinically meaningful outcomes and there is an explicit need for more randomized trials aiming to further evaluate stent platforms in favour of enhanced safety and clinical value. Gene-eluting stents may hold promise in contributing new ideas for stent-based prevention of in-stent restenosis through genetic interventions by capitalizing on a wide variety of molecular targets. Therefore, the central consideration directs us toward finding an ideal stent therapeutic platform that would tackle all of the gaps in the existing technology.
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