Background: Animal bites are common worldwide. Due to the plethora of animals, there are diverse pathogens with specific associated risks and treatment algorithms. It is crucial to understand these to develop and execute appropriate management plans. This practical review was designed to amalgamate the most common bites worldwide and synthesize data to help guide treatment plans. Methods: A PubMed literature search was performed focusing on the major animal bites. High-level studies were preferred and analyzed but lower-level studies were also used if high-level studies did not exist. Results: The tables presented in this article cover the pertinent information regarding the incidence, common presentation, initial treatment, and potential complications associated with bites from dogs, cats, horses, rodents, snakes, marine life, and spiders. Many of the pathogens associated with the bites are treatable with various and somewhat common antimicrobials, though some are less easy to access. Basic irrigation, debridement, and wound culture are common to almost every animal and should be the first step in treatment. Conclusions: Based on the current studies, the most important factor in treating animal bites is timely presentation to a medical facility and/or physician. It is critical that the offending animal be accurately identified to help guide medical and surgical algorithms, including specific antimicrobial treatment guided by the most commonly presenting pathogens specific to certain animals.
Recent studies have focused on the negative effects of visible light (VL) on the skin, which lead to activation of metalloproteinases and oxidative stress induction, worsening clinical signs such as, melasma or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. The objective was to complete the existing scientific evidence of FernblockÒ about its photoprotection potential against VL. We developed two in vitro studies, regarding physicochemical level protection and biological activity. Sunscreen formulations containing FernblockÒ were selected and their transmittance of solar simulated VL was calculated by spectroradiometric measurement.In the second study, we examined FernblockÒ's action mechanism against blue light from digital devices on skin cells. All samples showed VL absorbance capacity above the levels established in the references consulted as proposals for VL-SPF. Regarding biological studies, treatment with FernblockÒ prior to VL radiation prevents alteration of mitochondrial morphology and function in fibroblasts and significantly reduces the activation of opsin 3 in melanocytes and the photo-oxidation of melanin. We elucidate a scoring system to evaluate the photoprotection potential against VL consisting of different study levels from in vitro to clinical scientific evidence. Thus, FernblockÒ added to different combinations of organic and mineral sunscreens can significantly increase visible light protection as demonstrated by both physiochemical and biological studies.
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