Allelopathy is the releasing of allelopathic compounds by one plant species that inhibit the growth and development of neighbouring plants of another species. Weeds, besides removing moisture and nutrients, harbour insects and diseases. Manual weed management practices are laborious and expensive. In spite of herbicides being effective in increasing yield, indiscriminate use of herbicides has resulted in serious ecological implications such as development of herbicide resistance weeds and shift in weed population. Recently, research attention has been focused to find out alternative strategies for chemical weed control in several crops. Reduction in herbicide use is one of major goals of modern agriculture and there is much emphasis in search for alternative weed management strategies that are cheap, safe and sustainable. Allelopathy is considered as an effective, economical and environment friendly weed management approach. The release of allelopathic compounds from leaves, flowers, seeds, stems and roots of living and decomposing plant materials can influence weed density and growth. Keeping this in view, the literatures on allelopathic effect of crops and trees on weeds are reviewed in this paper.
Foliar application of nutrients plays an important role in changing growth and physiological characteristics of field crops. In optimizing fertilization strategies, inclusion of foliar application improves fertilizer use efficiency and reduces environmental pollution. Foliar application of nutrients during flower and grain formation stages has been shown to be effective in efficient utilization of nutrients by crops and thereby reduce flower shedding and increase the yield. Keeping this in view, the literatures on foliar application of Di-ammonium phosphate and boron on the growth, yield and quality of field crops are reviewed in this paper.
A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai to assess the land use efficiency and productivity of rice under intercropping system. Treatments consisted of six irrigation regimes viz., IW (depth of irrigation water) / CPE (Cumulative pan evaporation) ratio 1 up to harvest, IW/CPE 0.75 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1, IW/CPE 0.75 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1.25, IW/CPE 0.75 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1.50, IW/CPE 1 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1.25 and IW/CPE 1 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE 1.50 and three cropping system viz., Rice alone, Rice + Blackgram and Rice + Greengram. Results revealed that application of irrigation water at different levels and cropping systems markedly influenced the growth, yield components and yield of rice. The maximum value of growth and yield components were recorded with the application of irrigation IW/CPE ratio of 1 up to 60 days thereafter IW/CPE ratio of 1.50 and among the cropping systems aerobic rice alone showed significantly higher growth and yield. Water productivity is higher in irrigation with IW/CPE ratio of 1 up to 60 days thereafter 1.50. The land equivalent ratio (LER) also revealed both the intercropping systems were advantageous. The results encourage the options of pulses could be grown as inter crop in rice.
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a holistic management philosophy of continuously improving the product / service / process quality by focusing on the customer needs and expectation to enhance customer satisfaction and organizational performance. Quality management is a systematic way of guaranteeing that organized activities happen the way they are planned. TQM as long-term commitment to new learning and new philosophy is required of any management that seeks transformation. The objective is to study the TQM practices and their influence on organizational performance in selected auto component manufacturing companies located in the state of Tamilnadu, India and to find out the relationship of TQM practices on commitment and performance of the organization as a whole. TQM practices like management participation, team work, employee empowerment, training and development, process quality management, supplier quality management, employee encouragement and quality culture significantly influences the employee commitment. In turn employee commitment on TQM practices have significant influences on employee performance and quality performance as well.
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