The use of lithium fluoride ͑LiF͒ crystals and films as imaging detectors for EUV and soft-x-ray radiation is discussed. The EUV or soft-x-ray radiation can generate stable color centers, emitting in the visible spectral range an intense fluorescence from the exposed areas. The high dynamic response of the material to the received dose and the atomic scale of the color centers make this detector extremely interesting for imaging at a spatial resolution which can be much smaller than the light wavelength. Experimental results of contact microscopy imaging of test meshes demonstrate a resolution of the order of 400 nm. This high spatial resolution has been obtained in a wide field of view, up to several mm 2 . Images obtained on different biological samples, as well as an investigation of a soft x-ray laser beam are presented. The behavior of the generated color centers density as a function of the deposited x-ray dose and the advantages of this new diagnostic technique for both coherent and noncoherent EUV sources, compared with CCDs detectors, photographic films, and photoresists are discussed.
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Xray absorption near edge structure (XANES) of PtCl2− 4 in solid and solution environmentsWe have studied the Cu binding site in Cu(II)-ATP, Cu(II)-tripolyphosphate, and Cu(II)-D-ribose complexes in aqueous solution at several pH values ranging froni 3 to 12 by means of high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy. We have measured the spectra in the x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) region to probe the tetragonal distortion of the Cu site in these compounds, as indicated by optical d-d spectroscopy. The spectrophotometric studies proposed that Cu(II) bind to the oxygen atoms of the phosphate groups of ATP with a distorted octahedral symmetry at low pH, while at high pH, the metal atom would be bound to the hydroxyl groups of the ribose moiety with an almost planar symmetry. We have compared the measured XANES spectra with multiple scattering calculations, by using as a structural model a simple tetragonal Cu06 cluster with fixed equatorial distance (1.95 A) and variable axial distance (1.95-2.7 A). The multiple scattering calculations fit well the experimental data of Cu-A TP in solution, and allow us to solve the different contribution in the XANES spectrum from axial and equatorial distances. The best agreement is obtained with values of the axial distance of 2.2 A at low pH, and 2.7 A at high pH. Our result indicates that an increasing percentage of highly distorted (square-plane) Cu site is present at high pH, and confirm the d-d spectroscopic model.
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