The synergy problem was discussed linking Se nanoparticles and different soil fertility agents. Se zero-valent-state nanoparticles were investigated as fertilizers and antioxidants. A technology was proposed for producing Se zero-valent-state nanoparticles. Se nanoparticles were obtained by laser ablation of Se in water using a fiber ytterbium laser, with a wavelength between 1060 and 1070 nm, a pulse repetition rate of 20 kHz, a pulse duration of 80 ns, and an average power of 20 W, and a copper vapor laser with wavelengths of 510.6 and 578.2 nm and an average power of 8 W. The main particle mass part shifted from 800 nm to a size less than 100 nm, corresponding to the increase in the laser fragmentation time. The resulting nanoparticles were monodisperse in size and mass. The Se nanoparticle water suspension was introduced into the soil. The soil Se nanoparticle concentrations were about 1, 5, 10, and 25 μg kg –1 . An experiment was carried out in a climate chamber in two series: (1) growing plants in soil imitating the standard organogenesis environment conditions such as illumination of 16 h per day, temperature of 22 °C, soil humidity of 25% SDW, and an experiment duration of 30 days and (2) growing plants in soil under changing environmental conditions of organogenesis. The standard environmental conditions for the first 10 days are illumination of 16 h day –1 , temperature of 22 °C, and soil humidity of 25% SDW. The plant stress for 5 days is hyperthermia of 40 °C. The standard environmental conditions for the next 15 days are illumination of 16 h day –1 , temperature of 22 °C, and soil humidity of 25% SDW. At standard organogenesis, the plant leaf plate surface area was 30 ± 2 cm 2 in the control option, and the Se nanoparticle doses were correspondingly 1 μg kg –1 for 32 ± 3 cm 2 , 5 μg kg –1 for 37 ± 2 cm 2 , 10 μg kg –1 for 38 ± 3 cm 2 , and 25 μg kg –1 for 28 ± 4 cm 2 . Hyperthermia stressed plant growth was studied. The highest plant growth rate was in Se nanoparticle concentrations of 5 and 10 μg kg –1 . The eggplant growth on the soil with the Se nanoparticle addition at a concentration of 10 μg kg –1 of leaf plate surface area was twice compared to the eggplant growth in untreated soil. The same was for tomato plants. The leaf plate surface area of the cucumber plant grown using Se nanoparticles was 50% higher compared to the control option. The Biogeosystem technique methodology of 20–45 cm soil-layer intrasoil milling for soil multilevel aggregate system formation and intrasoil pulse continuous-discrete watering for soil water regime control was proposed for the Se nanoparticles for better function in the real soil, providing a synergy effect of soil mechanical processin...

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The amelioration and remediation technology was developed on the basis of research of phosphogypsum and utilization in the Haplic Chernozem of South-European facies (Rostov Region). Phosphogypsum was utilized via dispersed application into a soil layer of 20–45 cm with intrasoil milling of this layer. The phosphogypsum utilization doses were 0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha –1 . The Pb analytical content in soil solution was studied in the model experiment. The soil solution Pb thermodynamic forms were calculated. The mathematical chemical–thermodynamic model ION-2 was developed to calculate the real soil solution (water extract) calcium-carbonate equilibrium (CCE) ion forms, considering the ion pair association. The associated ion pairs CaCO 3 0 , CaSO 4 0 , MgCO 3 0 , MgSO 4 0 , CaHCO 3 + , MgHCO 3 + , NaCO 3 – , NaSO 4 – , CaOH + , and MgOH + were accounted for in soil solution equilibrium macroion form calculation. The procedure for the microelement ion [including heavy metals (HMs)] equilibrium concentration in the soil solution coefficient k as calculation was proposed to account for the real soil solution CCE, macroions, and HM (including Pb) association. The Pb 2+ ion in soil solution was mostly bound to associates PbOH + , Pb(OH) 2 0 , PbCO 3 0 , Pb(CO 3 ) 2 2– , and PbHCO 3 + . The calculation of CCE and ion association in soil solution revealed 14.5–21.5 times HM passivation compared to HM water-soluble values. The calculated HM activity in the soil solution in the example of the Pb 2+ ion was less than 4% after phosphogypsum application in the target amelioration layer of 20–45 cm. The studied phosphogypsum doses were substantiated as environmentally safe. This was because the real soil solution CCE provided HM ion form association and consequent passivation. The dry steppe soil remediation after phosphogypsum application was justified as highly probable. The intrasoil milling chemical soil-biological engineering technology was developed for simultaneous soil amelioration and remediation on the basis of the biogeosystem technique (BGT*) transcendental methodology. The BGT*-based technology was tested in the long-term field experiments and is capable of ensuring the priority geophysical micro- and macroaggregate structure via intrasoil milling and mixing of soil illuvial and transitional horizons. This helps synthesize soil multilevel architecture, providing intrasoil-dispersed environm...

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nut oil was extracted from (black, brown and yellow) cultivars using n-hexane. Physiochemical properties (refractive index, specific gravity, acid value, free fatty acid, peroxide, saponification and iodine values of the oil samples were determined. Storage studies on the tiger nut oils were done by monitoring changes in the thiobarbituric acid, peroxide value, free fatty acid and moisture content for twelve (12) weeks. The refractive index, specific gravity, acid value and free fatty acid value ranged between 1.46 ̵ 1.47, 0.89 ̵ 0.90, 0.4 ̵ 1.40mg/g, and 0.20 ̵ 0.75% respectively. The peroxide, saponification and iodine values ranged between 3.99 ̵ 4.43meq/kg, 183.25 ̵ 202.87mg/kOH/g and 29.69 ̵ 31.74g/l2/g respectively. The major fatty acids (FAs) of the tiger nut oil were oleic (77.71%), palmitic (16.17%), and stearic (5.08%) acids for the black cultivar, oleic (64.12%), palmitic (11.86%), linoleic (11.87%) and dihum ̵ g ̵ linolenic (1.71%) for the brown cultivar while the yellow cultivar had oleic (68.89%), linoleic (12.77%), palmitic (13.33%) and stearic (4.46%). During storage peroxide value, free fatty acid, moisture content and thiobarbituric acid of the oil were within the maximum limits as recommended by CODEX Alimentarius.