The present work was aimed at assessing the surface and groundwater quality of the area within and around Obajana using physico-chemical characteristics. Surface and groundwater samples were collected at the peak of dry season in March, 2013, from 24 locations within Obajana and its surrounding areas and were subjected to a comprehensive quality analysis. The following parameters were considered; pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, redox, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, chloride, nitrate, sulphate and bi-carbonate. Different statistical tools were used to analyse the results. Piper diagrams and Schoeller plots were used to suggest models for predicting water quality. Results from the physico-chemical analysis revealed that the concentrations of the analyzed parameters were within the acceptable limits for drinking water recommended by the World Health Organisation except for iron which had elevated concentration in one location. Surface and groundwater within Obajana and environs are thus considered safe for drinking and domestic use with respect to these analyzed parameters but needs to be protected from the perils of contamination by pollution from the continuous production of cement from the cement company over time. Plots on Piper and Schoeller diagrams indicate a Ca-Mg-HCO 3 -water type.
VLF-EM data over Ishiagu northern outskirt of the Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria was evaluated to detect the extension of Pb-Zn mineralization. The study area is characterized by predominant conductive lineaments trending NW-SE direction and subordinate NE-SW direction. The conductivity contrast assessed indirectly from the evaluated current density and Fraser filtered data were used to delineate the potential zones of Pb-Zn mineralization. Strong electromagnetic induction due to high conductivity contrast was detected in the study area, though the northern extensions of these anomalies are of moderate response, signifying them deeper in the northern district. These zones are interpreted as the potential or inferred structurally controlled mineralized fracture zones with possible Pb-Zn mineralization worthy of further detailed test drilling to authenticate the extended mineralization. The results show the efficiency and reliability of VLF-EM technique for high resolution investigation at shallow depths and its potential for fast acquisition over large surfaces at mineralized zone scale without ground contact.
The human health risk assessment associated with heavy metals contained in sources of drinking water within the catchment area of some dumpsites in FCT Abuja were carried out. Surface and groundwater samples collected within the catchment area of the selected dumpsites were subjected to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in order to obtain the required analytes for the assessment. Parameters like Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI) and Carcinogenic Risk Index (CR) that are needed for the assessment were computed. HQ and HI were computed for non-carcinogenic risk assessment while (CR) was computed for carcinogenic risk assessment. The estimated HI for adults via ingestion across all the investigated dumpsites, ranges from 2.38 to 11.6 which is considered unacceptable. The estimated HI value for adults via dermal absorption across all the investigated dumpsites, ranges from 0.026 to 0.07, which is interpreted to be acceptable. The estimated HI for children via ingestion across all the investigated dumpsites, ranges from 8.051 to 29.868, which is interpreted to be unacceptable. The estimated HI value for Children via dermal absorption across all the investigated dumpsites, ranges from 0.3820 to 1.237 in which about 80% are considered acceptable. The CR ranges from 0.0021 to 0.0109 and 0.004940 to 0.026 for adults and children respectively. This results according to USEPA indicate that both children and adults taking the investigated water via ingestion, are at high risk of contracting cancer.
In an attempt to characterize a reservoir in a field, importance is given to living models as it serves critical function in estimating if the reservoir under study is economically viable. Having a good knowledge of electrical response to reservoir rocks is important in characterizing and modeling the behavior of fluids at the subsurface. In this study, core plugs extracted from core barrels in a Niger Delta oil field were analyzed in the laboratory in order to determine the electrical properties of the samples and their relationship with each other and formation fluid. This was achieved by using a brine of a known concentration for simulation of core plugs. Results obtained show that for the unconsolidated sandstone, Formation resistivity factor increases with increase in confining pressure. This characteristic depends on the porosity of the Formation and type of fluid present. Resistivity values in a reservoir will increase with increase in capillary pressure and decrease with water saturation. Decrease in cementation exponent increases the rate of permeability in reservoir sand. However, resistivity values decrease with clay presence in reservoir sand.
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