Objective:In bacterial conjunctivitis, clinical presentations are not diagnostic of the causative agent, therefore, microbiological analysis is mandatory for specific treatment option. This study was undertaken to determine the microbiology profile of bacterial conjunctivitis in our environment.Methodology:This is a laboratory-based study carried out in the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Conjunctival swabs collected from 365 patients with clinically diagnosed conjunctivitis, were analysed by standard bacteriological methods.Results:Bacterial pathogens were detected in 342 (93.7%) conjunctival samples while 23(6.3%) were sterile. Of the pathogens, 256 (74.9%) were Staphylococcus aureus, 35(10.2%) Coagulase- negative staphylococci, 22 (6.4%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 11(3.2%) Escherichia coli, 7(2.1%) Klebsiella species, 5(1.5%) Streptococcus pneumoniae , 4(1.2%) Haemophilus influenzae, 1(0.3%) Proteus mirabilis, and 1(0.3%)Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The highest rate of conjunctivitis 96(26.3%) was found among infants and children (0-10years).Resistance rates to most of the tested antibiotics were high. However, 67% of them were susceptible to ceftriaxone while only 39.2% were susceptible to chloramphenicol.Conclusion:This study has recorded high antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens of conjunctivitis in this environment; therefore, determining the susceptibility pattern of these pathogens to available antibiotics is crucial to effective management of bacterial conjunctivitis.

Otitis media, an inflammation of the middle ear, is a common illness in childhood, and also one of the most frequent reasons for outpatient antimicrobial therapy. This study was undertaken to determine the bacterial etiology of otitis media in our environment and their pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Between November 2009 and March 2011, ear swabs collected from 132 patients with clinical diagnosis of acute otitis media and chronic suppurative otitis media were subjected to bacteriological analysis. The bacterial pathogens isolated were tested against ten antibiotics using standard bacteriologic techniques.A total of 142 isolates were recovered from the 132 patients involved in this study. The most frequently isolated organism in acute otitis media and chronic suppurative otitis media was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (43.7%), followed by Klebsiella species (31.0%), Proteus species (14.1%), Escherichia coli (7%), H.influenzae (2.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (1.4%). Generally, high resistance rates were recorded against many of the antibiotics tested. However, ciprofloxacin demonstrated the highest susceptibility rates for P.aeruginosa (77.4%) and Klebsiella species (59.1%).All the pathogens demonstrated nil susceptibility towards cefixime except E.coli where the susceptibility rate was 40%.In conclusion, determination of the susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens of otitis media is of utmost importance to its effective management.

Problem statement:The emergence and spread of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins are threatening to create species resistant to all currently available agents. The most common cause of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is the production of beta-lactamases and many of the 2nd and 3rd-generation penicillins and cephalosporins were specifically designed to resist the hydrolytic action of major β-lactamases. However new β-lactamases emerged against each of the new classes of β-lactams that were introduced and caused resistance. This study was designed to determine the rate of resistance to 3rd-generation cephalosporins and other classes of antibiotics by the Enterobacteriaceae in this environment. Approach: One hundred bacteria isolates belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae identified from different clinical specimens between October and December 2007 using standard bacteriological methods. These were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing to third-generation cephalosporins and other classes of antibiotics which included quinolones and an aminoglycoside using the Kirby-Bauer method of disc diffusion test. Results: Out of the total number of Enterobacteriaceae isolated in the study period, only 54.8% of the klebsiella species isolated were sensitive to ceftazidime, 48.4% to ceftriaxone and 30.7% to cefotaxime. With Escherichia coli however, the susceptibility pattern to the 3rd-generation cephalosporins was better (65.6% were sensitive to ceftazidime, 62.5% to ceftriaxone and 71.9% to cefotaxime). In proteus species, the susceptibility pattern was generally poor to the three classes of antibiotics(50% were sensitive to ceftazidime and ceftriaxone, 0% to cefotaxime, 33.3% to ciprofloxacin, 50% to gentamycin and 0% to amoxycillin/clavulanate). Conclusion/Recommendations:The poor susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanate demonstrated by all the isolates in this study showed the probability of new beta-lactamases production.Further studies therefore need to be done in this environment to determine the types of the β-lactamases produced by the Enterobacteriaceae here, the prevalent rate of such isolates and the molecular analysis of the new β-lactamases produced.

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Background: Significant bacteriuria is commonly reported in pregnancy which greatly predisposes pregnant women to urinary tract infection (UTI), one of the commonest health challenges in pregnancy worldwide especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with significant bacteriuria among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) of Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan, Nigeria, as well as determine the bacterial aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates.Methodology: This is a laboratory-based cross-sectional study of 206 pregnant women between the ages of 15 and 47 years attending the ANC of the hospital, selected by simple random sampling method. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the subjects using a structured questionnaire. Clean-catch specimen of mid-stream voided urine was collected from each subject participant. Urine samples were processed for culture and isolation of significant bacterial pathogens using standard bacteriological methods, and isolates identified to species level by the combination of colony morphology, Gram reaction, conventional biochemical tests and Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E test kits. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates to selected antibiotics was performed using the disk diffusion method.Results: The prevalence of significant bacteriuria in the study population was 8.7% (18/206), with 27.8% (5/18) symptomatic and 72.2% (13/18) asymptomatic. All isolated bacteria were Gram-negative with the most frequent being Escherichia coli 9 (50.0%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 6 (33.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 (5.6%), Acinetobacter haemolyticus 1 (5.6%) and Enterobacter aerogenes 1 (5.6%). The isolates were most sensitive to gentamicin (100%) and nitrofurantoin (94.4%), while they demonstrated highest resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (33.3%). Significant bacteriuria was associated with pyuria (p=0.01) and past history of UTI (p=0.004).Conclusions: The high prevalence of asymptomatic significant bacteriuria in this study necessitates the need for screening and treatment of pregnant women for this entity to prevent the subsequent development of UTI that may have grave consequences on pregnancy outcome.   French title: Prévalence et facteurs associés à une bactériurie significative chez les femmes enceintes fréquentant la clinique prénatale de la maternité Adeoyo, Yemetu, Ibadan, Nigéria Contexte: Une bactériurie importante est couramment signalée pendant la grossesse, ce qui prédispose grandement les femmes enceintes aux infections des voies urinaires (IVU), l'un des problèmes de santé les plus courants pendant la grossesse dans le monde, en particulier dans les pays en développement comme le Nigéria. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de déterminer la prévalence et les facteurs associés à une bactériurie significative chez les femmes enceintes fréquentant la clinique prénatale (CPN) de l'hôpital de maternité Adeoyo, Yemetu, Ibadan, Nigéria, ainsi que de déterminer l'étiologie bactérienne et les modèles de sensibilité aux antimicrobiens de les isolats. Méthodologie: Il s'agit d'une étude transversale en laboratoire portant sur 206 femmes enceintes âgées de 15 à 47 ans fréquentant les CPN de l'hôpital, sélectionnées par une méthode d'échantillonnage aléatoire simple. Les données démographiques et cliniques ont été obtenues auprès des sujets à l'aide d'un questionnaire structuré. Un échantillon propre d'urine évacuée à mi-chemin a été recueilli auprès de chaque participant sujet. Les échantillons d'urine ont été traités pour la culture et l'isolement d'agents pathogènes bactériens importants à l'aide de méthodes bactériologiques standard, et les isolats ont été identifiés au niveau de l'espèce par la combinaison de la morphologie de la colonie, de la réaction de Gram, des tests biochimiques conventionnels et des kits de test de l'indice de profil analytique (API) 20E. Les tests de sensibilité aux antibiotiques des isolats aux antibiotiques sélectionnés ont été effectués à l'aide de la méthode de diffusion sur disque. Résultats: La prévalence de la bactériurie significative dans la population étudiée était de 8,7% (18/206), avec 27,8% (5/18) symptomatique et 72,2% (13/18) asymptomatique. Toutes les bactéries isolées étaient Gram-négatives, la plus fréquente étant Escherichia coli 9 (50,0%), suivie de Klebsiella pneumoniae 6 (33,3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 (5,6%), Acinetobacter haemolyticus 1 (5,6%) et Enterobacter aerogenes 1 (5,6%). Les isolats étaient les plus sensibles à la gentamicine (100%) et à la nitrofurantoïne (94,4%), alors qu'ils présentaient la résistance la plus élevée à l'amoxicilline-acide clavulanique (33,3%). Une bactériurie significative était associée à une pyurie (p=0,01) et à des antécédents d'infection urinaire (p=0,004). Conclusions: La prévalence élevée de bactériurie significative asymptomatique dans cette étude nécessite le dépistage et le traitement des femmes enceintes pour cette entité afin de prévenir le développement ultérieur d'infections urinaires pouvant avoir de graves conséquences sur l'issue de la grossesse.