What constitutes poverty transcends the lack of income but generally captures such other subjective and supplementary aspects that represent human functioning and capability. This view enables the design and implementation of policies to alleviate poverty among the poor, especially the riverine households with their attendant risks. Data were obtained from 448 riverine households in South-western Nigeria to examine the level of multidimensional deprivation and poverty among them. The mean household size was 5; fifty-six (56%) having less than minimum 9 year compulsory and basic education; only about 16% of them having members gainfully engaged and about 68% of the household heads engaging in Onshore livelihood activities. Majority (60.3%) of the households suffered deprivation in eight indicators (61.54% of the total possible number of deprivation) and above, all (100%) of the riverine households being adjudged poor in about 6%, 12% and 19% respectively' of the thirteen dimensions of deprivation. At dual cutoff value (k = 8), the adjusted multidimensional poverty rate of the households (M 0 = 0.3422); adjusted poverty gap (M 1 = 0.1608), and poverty severity (M 2 = 0.0761) showed high level of inequality among the deprived households. Conclusively, poverty was manifested in basic standard of living commodities and services among the riverine households as indicated by their low level of education, limited access to hygienic source of drinking water, food, energy, health care, toilet facilities as well as improved means of livelihood.
This study examines the influence of households' socio-economic characteristics on household demand for electricity, petrol, diesel, kerosene, firewood, domestic gas, and transport in commercial vehicles. Primary data obtained in a cross-section survey of 90 households selected across six communities in Ijebu-Division of Ogun State, Nigeria was used in estimating a system of energy demand equations and elasticities. The study reveals that an average household in the sample had about five members, headed by a 52 year old male that had about nine years of formal education. The mean monthly household consumption expenditure was N 15,458.63, of which about 25% was expended on the seven commodities. While the influence of education and household size on household energy use were insignificant; income (budget size), household ownership of electrical/electronic appliances and automobiles, as well as age of household heads exercised significant influence on the relative shares of some/all of the seven energy commodities in household budgets in the study area. The income effects were positive for all the energy commodities, except firewood. Demand for petrol, diesel and domestic gas were income elastic. Thus, the study concludes that improvement in income would cause increase in demand for electricity and petroleum products in the study area, but worsening real income would place greater demand on biomass fuel.
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Hydrolysis of breadfruit flour by acid and enzymes of sorghum malt were investigated.Mash (malt to breadfruit flour) ratios of 2:3 and 1:1 were used. The optimum mashing profile of 20 minutes at 64°C followed by 30 minutes at 72°C was established. The addition of an exogenous enzyme improved the wort properties. Kinetic study of the enzymatic hydrolysis revealed non-adherence with either the simple Michaelis-Menten Kinetics or one with product inhibition. Anaerobic fermentation of the hydrolysate by Sacchammyces cerevisiae at pH 4.7 and temperature of 30°C, was carried out with and without mineral and nitrogen sources supplementation of the wort. The results showed that the enzymes in sorghum malt could be used, with some external enzyme supplementation, to hydrolyse breadfruit starch to yield appreciable amounts of sugar which may be used as food sweetener, substrate for single cell protein production, and in the production of beverages. This is particularly relevant to operations in developing countries.
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