Molecular characterization of CMS is an environmentally-independent tool and represents an alternative way to consider genetic variation within and between the different maize populations. The current study which consisted of six cms lines of maize in the 8th generation (S8) revealed that all of these lines were C-type. The adopted six specific markers (forward and reverse) in detecting the three cms types produced a fragment with a molecular size of ∼350 bp. The used RAMs markers (UBC-810, UBC-812, UBC-821, UBC-848, UBC-854 and UBC-855) produced a total of 36 fragments across the lines genomes, 25 out of them were polymorphic scoring a polymorphism percentage of 69.4%. The PIC values indicated that UBC-821 was the most discriminative primer with a PIC value of 0.40 compared to UBC-854, and UBC-855 primers which had the humble capability to distinguish between the studied inbreds with a PIC value of 0.33. The results of cluster analysis based on the molecular discrimination confirmed that A1 has the lowest values of genetic similarity, hence it was the most genetically divergent against the other cms inbred lines, especially A6 (0.42). On the other hand, A2 and A3 lines found to be genetically related by scoring the maximum genetic similarity (0.92). Molecular investigations have several advantages over the traditional methods and will be helpful in the real evaluation of any genotype.
Unfavorable environmental conditions, whether towards increase or decrease direction, are a general feature of our planet ecosystem. Stress conditions fall into two categories, biotic including insects and diseases and abiotic including drought, salts, temperature, etc. Drought is described the most limiting factor that determine crop productivity, and under certain condition drought damages cannot be avoided. Plant have evolved a wide range of mechanisms to cope with extreme environmental conditions. However, most of these strategies depend partially or completely on antioxidant defense system through which plants can control the cell content of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). There should be more attention to climate change, not only by developing tolerant species, but also to natural disasters that can be devastating, as happening nowadays.
A field demonstration and pot experiments were implemented to assess the effect of paraquat, oxadiazon, and oxyfluorfen herbicides in controlling selected populations of fleabane Conyza bonariensis (L.), grown in the central valley of Jordan. Conyza mature seeds were collected from six investigated sites (five from Jordan valley named P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and one from the University of Jordan Campus named P6). Only populations proved to be C. bonariensis via ITS assessment were involved in the glasshouse experiments at the University of Jordan in 2017 and 2019. Results showed that recommended or two-fold higher rates (2.5 and 5 kg ha−1) of paraquat failed to affect weed plants in a date palm orchard located at Tal-al-Ramel in the Central Jordan Valley. Paraquat, oxyfluorfen, and oxadiazon (2.5, 3.3, and 5 kg ha−1, respectively), failed to control plants of the same weed population grown in pot experiments. Treated plants at Tal-al-Ramel grew similarly to untreated control, mostly due to different genetic backgrounds. The other C. bonariensis populations (University Research Station, al-Twal, and University Campus) were effectively controlled with all herbicides. The application of recommended or 10-fold higher rates of herbicides failed to control or slightly injured the resistant population. Seed DNA analysis of the ITS region showed genetic differences among the investigated populations. It indicated that four populations are C. bonariensis (P1, P3, P4, and P6). At the same time, two are C. canadensis (a closely related species) collected from the University Research Station (P2) and al-Twal sites (P5), and also that the population of C. bonariensis in the date palm orchard was genetically distinct from the other C. bonariensis populations. It is concluded that C. bonariensis population in the Tal-al-Ramel site developed resistance to paraquat, oxadiazon, and oxyfluorfen herbicides. Thus, novel alternative practices in controlling the resistant weed population are necessary to prevent its possible spread to other regions in the country and obstruct the development of new herbicide-resistance weed populations.
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