A preexperimental cohort study was conducted with 67 overweight cancer survivors. This cohort of participants was screened for baseline body composition and anthropometrics based on a variety of techniques, including body mass index (BMI), dual X-ray absorptiometry-percentage body fat (DXA-android %BF), diagnostic medical sonography (DMS), and waist circumference (WC). The combination of subcutaneous fat layer at the xyphoid and umbilicus compared with BMI, WC, and DXA-android %BF. These variables demonstrated moderately positive association and were statistically significant. A total maximum mean score of DMS measures of subcutaneous and visceral fat was also compared with BMI, WC, and DXA-android %BF. The aforementioned comparison had a moderately positive association and was statistically significant. The sonographic measure of mesentery fat was compared with WC and demonstrated a strongly positive strength of association and was statistically significant. Sonography may be an inexpensive, noninvasive, portable, and valid body composition measure for overweight patients.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the percentage of obesity in children and adolescents has more than tripled since the 1970s. 1 The prevalence of obesity among children in the United States has reached rates of 13.9%, 18.4%, and 20.6% in children ages 2 to 5 years, 6 to 11 years, and 12 to 18 years, respectively. 2 The prevalence of overweight obese adults and children has become a national public health crisis, affecting over 13 million children and adolescents across the United States. 2 The increased rates of childhood obesity have put these individuals at risk for chronic health conditions, diseases, and pathologies. 1 The increasing rate of childhood obesity will also increase the likelihood of adult obesity and associated comorbidities, including but not limited to type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, glucose intolerance, and increased incidence of metabolic conditions in youth. 3 Obesity is a major determinant for cardiovascular disease and a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The progression of type 2 diabetes typically begins with the accumulation of abdominal adiposity or abdominal obesity. 4 In addition, childhood obesity is associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis and mortality due to adult cardiovascular disease, regardless of an adult's weight. 5 To define obesity in children, the CDC uses age-and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentiles. Size and growth patterns of children and adolescents are used 834929J DMXXX10.
Approximately 93 million adults and over 13 million children and adolescents across the United States are considered overweight or obese. 1 Health care expenditures are shown to be 81% greater in obese adults versus those of normal weight. 2,3 The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension has steadily increased in the United States, with metabolic syndrome rates estimated at more than 30%. 4 Due to the increased risk for metabolic conditions in America's obese populations, identifying patients at risk with a reliable and practical tool is vital to providing preventive health measures. Given the link between abdominal adiposity and metabolic syndrome, determining an individual's risk for disease by measuring abdominal adiposity is greatly needed. The use of diagnostic medical sonography (DMS) has been shown to be a reliable and easily accessible tool when measuring abdominal adiposity. 5 DMS is an indirect imaging tool that could be used in correlation with other measures to help determine an individual's risk for metabolic syndrome. The value of DMS for gauging abdominal obesity and the risk for metabolic disease is that it is relatively inexpensive, noninvasive, and a validated indirect assessment tool. DMS has the ability to measure increased abdominal adiposity and monitor changes in body composition. 5 The use of DMS could be a more feasible and advantageous tool for routine clinical 848746J DMXXX10.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a prevalent disease that results from kidney failure in the last stage of chronic kidney disease. This disease has many chronic and debilitating symptoms, including muscle wasting. Unfortunately, current methods to diagnose muscle wasting, in this patient population, are rather imprecise and/or expensive. To develop a better method, this study examined the use of sonography across four separate patients with ESRD in a typical clinical setting. Multiple muscle measurements were taken in the patients’ upper arm via sonography, which were compared to laboratory test results and skinfold measurements. This multiple case comparison demonstrates the feasibility of using sonography to measure subcutaneous tissue and muscle mass in this patient population. It also has the potential to correlate with or support other clinical measures of disease severity. Further study is recommended to examine these correlations and to identify clinical implications for sonographic measurement of overall muscle wasting.
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