Vitex doniana Sweet, a plant commonly known black plum, in English, Prunier noir in French, dinya in Hausa, ucha koro in Igbo, oori-nla in yoruba and ngarmi in Kanuri is a medium-sized deciduous tree, 8-18 m high, with a heavy rounded crown and a clear bole up to 5 m. V. doniana is from Verbenaceae family and abundantly occurring in savannah regions. It can be found throughout tropical Africa. The ethanolic extract of Vitex doniana stem bark (11.9 g) was subjected to a silica gel accelerated column chromatography and eluents fractions (150 ml aliquots) obtained were collected and monitored with thin layer chromatography (TLC). Fractions with similar R f values from same solvents system were poled together. Phytochemical test of all the fractions were perform. Complete elution yielded 48 fractions (150 ml/fraction) which were pooled to 24 fractions and finally to eight (8) eight fractions and coded. Fraction Vd 8-a (56 mg) has gave a single spot a white crystal compound coded V 1 on checking with TLC and observed under Ultraviolet lamp. The R f values was calculated to be 0.433 and melting point was found to be 241-243°C uncorrected. The infrared spectrum of compound V 1 shows prominent peaks that corresponds to OHstr (3365 cm -1 ) and C=0 (1652 cm -1 ). The 1 H NMR (400 MHZ) spectrum of compound V 1 in DMSO-d6 displayed five singlet signals. It further showed a broad singlet at δ 5.58 integrated for 1 H is due to an olefinic H-atom adjacent to the carbonyl carbon atom. Three signals at δ 3.10` (d, J = 9.0 Hz, H-22), 3.59 (m, 1H, 2H-a) and 3.72 (m, 1H, 3H-e) each integrating for one proton is due to an oxymethine protons indicating that three oxymethine H-atoms were present in the compound. The 13 C-NMR spectrum showed the presence of 27 Carbon atoms, suggesting that may be steroid skeleton and the DEPT-135 spectra showed the presence of five CH 3 , eight CH 2 , and seven CH groups, and seven quaternary C-atoms. The Molecular formula was established as C 27 H 44 O 7 by HRES-MS positive ion mode m/z 481.3179. Based on the spectral analysis, the compound V 1 is thus concluded to have ecdysteriod skeleton and conclusively conforms with 2β, 3β 14α, 20R, 22R, 25-hexahydroxy-5 β cholest-7-ene-6-one, commonly known as 20-hydroxyecdysone. This is the first time this compound was isolated from Vitex doniana sweet.
Annona senegalensis belongs to the family Annonaceae which is known to possess wide range of bioactivities. The leaves of A. senegalensis have been traditionally used as stimulant and a pain reliever. This study aims to determine the presence of some of the bioactive molecules in the leaves of this plant, and further investigate the antimicrobial activity of the extract against certain bacteria. The crude methanolic extract of the leaves was tested for phytochemicals, and revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinone and cardiac glycosides, and triterpenoids. The crude methanolic extract was purified using column chromatography techniques. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the isolated compounds revealed the presence of C-H, C=O, O-H and C=C functional groups, which are characteristics of the compounds in the secondary metabolites. The antimicrobial screening of the crude methanol extract was carried out on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumonia, using agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial screening showed that the extract was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The solvent extract was more effective against Staphylococcus aureus with zones of inhibition of 20mm and 18mm at a concentration of 100mg/ml and 50mg/ml respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the crude extract carried out against the test microorganisms were within the range of 12.5 -25mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration was within the range of 25 -50mg/ml. The result from this study justifies the use of the leaves of Annona senegalensis in treatment of microbial diseases.
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