An epizootiological study was carried out by investigation of 562 birds for mycoplasmas. The birds belonged to 18 different domestic and wild avian species of the following orders: Galliformes, Anseriformes, Gruiformes, Passeriformes, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Psittasiformes and Trogoniformes. Eighty nine (15%) of the trachea and oropharynx samples examined were mycoplasma positive and 108 mycoplasma isolates were obtained and identified by the growth inhibition test, using rabbit antisera against fifteen avian mycoplasma species. The species most frequently detected were Mycoplasma gallinarum (27.7%), M. gallinaceum (17.5%), M. iners (14.8%), M. pullorum (7.4%), M. columbinum (7.4%), M. anatis (6.4%), M. synoviae (4.6%) and M. gallisepticum (3.7%). Four strains isolated from griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) could not be identified with antisera against the 15 described avian mycoplasma species.
A study was made of the biochemical profiles of 59 strains serotyped as Streptococcus suis, isolated from diseased and clinically healthy pigs. The following parameters are proposed for the identification of the species: Voges-Proskauer negativity, hydrolysis of esculin positivity, trehalose positivity, negativity for growth in 6.5% NaCi, and absence of beta-hemolysis on sheep blood agar. S. suis serotype 2 is negative for hippurate, pyrrolidonylarylamidase, and mannose. Streptococcus suis is responsible for a range of clinical processes including meningitis, neonatal septicemia, bronchopneumonia, arthritis, endocarditis, and reproductive disorders, all of which have a negative effect on pig production (2, 4, 6, 10, 11, 14, 16). From an epidemiological viewpoint, S. suis reservoirs appear to be the swine themselves as clinically healthy carriers; the species is readily harbored, primarily in the tonsils and nasal cavities and occasionally in the lungs, vaginas, and prepuces of subjects exhibiting no clinical manifestations (1, 11, 15). Windsor and Elliot (20) differentiated two serotypes of S. suis, 1 and 2, corresponding to the two serogroups previously designated S and R, respectively, by de Moor (9, 11). These two serotypes differ in terms of their capsular antigens (4, 9). Perch et al. (14) identified six new serotypes of S. suis (types 3 to 8) and postulated the existence of others, a hypothesis subsequently borne out by the findings of Gottschalk et al. (5, 7), who characterized a total of 28 serotypes included in Lancefield groups R, S, and T. Serotype 2 is beyond doubt the most important and the most prevalent in swine; it is responsible for substantial losses on pig farms and has thus been the object of most studies dealing with S. suis (1). The biochemical identification of S. suis has been performed with a number of commercial multitest kits such as the Index and API systems (11, 18), in addition to conventional tests including growth and fermentation in phenol red broth containing 0.1% agar and 1% lactose, trehalose, sorbitol, raffinose, or inulin, hydrolysis of hippurate, and sensitivity to optochin (4). Various parameters have been proposed for the biochemical identification of S. suis, including growth in 6.5% NaCl, acetoin production (the Voges-Proskauer [VP] test), and acid production from trehalose and salicin. The VP test is critical and appears to be the most reliable test for differentiating S. suis from S. bovis; it may, however, give rise to false-negative results. The profiles
A serological survey for a range of avian paramyxoviruses (PMV) was carried out among wildfowl from southern Spain, 1990 to 1992, using the hemagglutination inhibition technique. We collected 579 sera from 24 avian families (18 aquatic and six non-aquatic). Antibodies were detected to all paramyxoviruses in waterfowl, with a notable prevalence of antibodies to PMV-8 (43%) and to a lesser extent PMV-6 (21%). By contrast, in non-aquatic species high antibody prevalences were detected only to PMV-2 (60%), particularly in sparrows (68%), while antibody prevalences to other PMV's were moderate or low.
SUMMARYOf 927 sera taken from poultry from 84 flocks, 33% proved seropositive. Sixtythree per cent of flocks were found to be seropositive to ELISA (almost all situated within areas where there were waterfowl). The comparable figures, using an HI test, were 16% and 47%, respectively.
Haemagglutination inhibition tests were used to study the prevalence of antibodies to avian paramyxovirus (PMV) serotypes 1, 2 and 3 in wild and domestic birds in Andalusia (southern Spain). Tests were performed on 341 sera from layer hens drawn from 44 flocks, 198 from nine breeder hen flocks, 123 from five broiler chicken flocks, 329 from 47 turkey flocks, 51 from four pigeon flocks, 123 from five partridge flocks, 112 from five mixed domestic flocks and 361 sera from 24 wild species. The incidence PMV-1 antibodies was very low in wild species (1%), though higher in domestic birds (18%), due to the systematic vaccination of these species, particularly layer and breeder hens. The highest rate of infection for PMV-2 was found in domestic species (27%) and particularly in turkeys (47%). Among wild species, the house sparrow recorded the greatest prevalence of PMV-2 (69%). The PMV-3 infection rate was very low both in wild (6%) and domestic species; the figure of 15% recorded for the latter appears to be due to cross reacting PMV-1 vaccinal antibodies. The highest incidence in wild birds was recorded in the summer, whereas prevalence reached its maximum in domestic species in the winter.
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