Experimental data on the dynamics of the most important agrophysical indicators of soil fertility which were obtained against the background of various fertilizer systems and predecessors in the development of degraded reclaimed lands that were withdrawn from circulation are presented. It has been shown that the rate of formation of a macrostructure that is valuable in production (0.25-10 mm) strongly depends on the amount of organic matter entering the soil in the form of high doses of all types of organic fertilizers, green manure and crop-root residues, upon decomposition of which an active humus is formed, which, when interacting with calcium, impregnates and cements the soil lumps, transforming them into a water-insoluble form. The greatest positive influence on the structural coefficient is exerted by cultivation of barley according to the organic background with the introduction of manure (40 … 80 t / ha) or liquid runoff of livestock complexes (120 t / ha) in combination with sowing application 10 kg a.v. P2O5 and 30 kg a.m. nitrogen as a top dressing per 1 ha. It has been established that in order to improve agrophysical parameters when degraded lands are involved in agricultural production, along with the introduction of high doses of organic fertilizers, crops with a deeply penetrating, powerfully developed root system that can not only condense the arable and plow layers, reduce acidity should be sown soil, but also at the same time improve its structure.
Under the conditions of the North-West region, the influence of fertilizer systems and precursors on the dynamics of the accumulation of easily hydrolysable nitrogen and the balance of its total content during the development of unproductive sod-podzolic soils of light granulometric composition was studied. For an eight-year research period, the mineral fertilizer system in the cultivation of barley at the planned yield (40 kg/ha) does not compensate for the loss of easily hydrolysable nitrogen. The organo-mineral system (40 t/ha of organic fertilizers or 100 m3/ha of liquid wastewater from livestock complexes) contributes to an increase in the content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen in the arable soil layer by 2.5 … 5.1 and 2.1 … 5.2 mg/kg of soil, compared to control. Stabilization of the balance of the total nitrogen content occurs with an annual application of 6.9 … 7.2 t/ha of solid fraction of manure or 35 … 37 m3/ha of liquid effluents and expanded reproduction of soil fertility is ensured with the incorporation of 9.7 … 11.0 t/ha solid fraction or 49 … 52 m3/ha of liquid waste. The most intensive accumulation of easily hydrolysable nitrogen is observed when using spring rape as a precursor, on the background of which the highest yield of barley was also obtained.
The energy consumption of different intensities agroecosystems with prolonged usage (> 100 years) of soddy podzolic soil was studied. It was found that the minimum content of humus energy and biophile elements is characteristic for degraded agroecosystems (1094 thousand of MJ / ha), and the maximum – for super-intense (1849 thousand of MJ / ha). In intensive and super intensive agroecosystem manure and mineral fertilizers (24.17 thousand of MJ / ha) make a significant contribution to the energy potential of the soil, and crop and root residues (98.8 thousand of MJ / ha) make a compromise. It is proved that the annual energy loss due to the mineralization of organic matter increases with increasing anthropogenic impact on the soil and amounts to: in compromise agroecosystems - 9.7 thousand of MJ / ha; in super-intensive and intensive - 26.0 ... 31.3, and in degraded - 33.9 thousand of MJ / ha. The maximum total decrease in the energy potential of the soil over a 102-year observation period is characterized for degraded -42% and extensive -10% agroecosystems. The additional revenues of energy with organic and mineral fertilizers increases the energy intensity of the intensively used argolandscape to the level of a compromise, and super-intensive increases it by another 23%.
Рассмотрено влияние известкования, систематического внесения различных видов удобрений и культур севооборота на изменение кислотного и гумусового состояния деградированных мелиорированных земель при их освоении за семилетний период.This study presents the influence of liming, systematic application of various types of fertilizers and crop rotation on the acid and humus state of degraded reclaimed lands during their development over a seven-year period.
Установлено, что среди изученных деградированных мелиорированных земель Северо-Западного региона Российской Федерации более 90 сельскохозяйственных угодий по гранулометрическому составу относятся к легкосуглинистым почвам, имеют низкое содержание гумуса (1,9), слабокислую реакцию почвенного раствора (рН 5,1) и небольшой пахотный слой (1516 см), поэтому при включении в сельскохозяйственный оборот таких земель в первую очередь следует разработать эффективные способы по регулированию агрофизических и агрохимических показателей их плодородия.It has been established, that among the studied degraded reclaimed lands of the Northwest region of the Russian Federation, more than 90 of agricultural lands by theirgranulometric composition are light loam soils, they have a low humus content (1.9), a slightly acidic soil solution (pH 5.1) and a small arable layer (15 ... 16 cm), Thats why, when such lands are included in the agricultural turnover, effective methods for regulating agrophysical and agrochemical indicators should be developed.
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