Carnosine (CARN) is an anti-glycating agent able to quench superoxide, and to neutralize 4-hydroxynonenal. Trolox-carnosine (CARN-T) was synthesized because of its resistance against degradation and to improve CARN antioxidant capacity. We evaluated the impact of trolox (TRO), CARN and its derivative CARN-T on oxidative stress (OS) in brain during rat adjuvant arthritis (AA). The experiments were done on healthy, control arthritic and arthritic animals with administration of CARN 150 mg/kg b.w., TRO 41 mg/kg b.w. and CARN-T 75 mg/kg b.w. in a daily dose during 28 days. Antioxidants did not affect the body weight on day 14, but on day 28 TRO enhanced the weight reduction. On day 14 and 28 CARN-T and TRO reduced arthritic score. IL-1beta, MCP-1 and MMP-9 were measured in plasma on day 14. MCP-1 was decreased by CARN-T and TRO. All antioxidants reduced IL-1beta and MMP-9 levels. Malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyls were increased in brain. CARN, CARN-T and TRO prevented higher lipid and protein oxidation in brain. CARN and CARN-T caused no weight reduction like TRO that has an advantage in inflammatory arthritis. Moreover the antioxidants administered had a similar therapeutic effects on arthritic score, markers of inflammation in plasma and OS in brain.
When implementing the SWAG technology, the degree of stability of the water-gas mixture plays a key role. A many factors of various nature is known to the suppression of the coalescence of gas bubbles is facilitated. This article presents the results of studies of the effect of surfactants of various compositions and concentrations on the operation of a multistage centrifugal pump when pumping water-gas mixtures. The foaming agent disolvan 4411 is determined to the degree of negative influence of free gas on the characteristics of the pump is significantly reduced. The reagent Neftenol VVD provides operating parameters very close to the characteristics of the pump when using disolvan 4411. The concentration of Neftenol VVD, recommended for addition to the water-gas mixture, has been determined. The expediency of choosing this surfactant is also due to the fact that the use of this reagent improves the injection capacity of wells. Keywords: multistage centrifugal pump; ejector; water-gas mixture; foaming surfactants.
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