Sofhvare engineering is no longer the preserve of individuals but is essentially a team-based activity involving a wide variety of stakeholders and thus making the need for communication and co-operation an inherent characteristic.Changes in support technology, economic factors and globalisation of the sofhvare process is resulting in the geographical separation of personnel. Where such distribution of personnel occurs, it is clear that the quality of the project will be dependent upon the degree of effective communication and co-operation. This paper presents the results from a study of communication and co-operation practices on a range of distributed sofhvare projects from an industrial and educational context. It analyses the advantages and disadvantages of distributed sofrware engineering teams and presents the lessons learned from these studies including team structure, project management, communication and procedures.
Chromium is generally believed to be an essential element and is often claimed to have value as a weight loss or muscle building agent. Recent studies in humans and rats have failed to demonstrate effects on body composition, although recent studies with pharmacological doses of the cation [Cr(III)3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]+ (or Cr3) (< or =1 mg Cr/kg body mass) in rats have noted a trend toward body mass loss and fat mass loss. Thus, the effects of large gavage doses of Cr3 (1-10 mg Cr/kg) on body mass, organ mass, food intake, and blood plasma variables (insulin, glucose, leptin, cholesterol, and triglycerides) were examined over a 10-wk period using male Sprague-Dawley rats. No effects on body composition were noted, although Cr3 administration lowered (p < 0.05) plasma insulin, leptin, and triglycerides concentrations. As Cr3 is absorbed greater than 10-fold better than commercially available nutritional supplements, the lack of an effect of the Cr(III) compound at these levels of administration clearly indicates that Cr(III) supplements do not have an effect on body composition at any reasonable dosage.
With a growing demand for software systems and an increase in their complexity, software development and maintenance is no longer the preserve of individual designers and programmers, but is a team-based activity. Indeed, development and maintenance has always involved a wide variety of stakeholders (customers, designers, programmers, maintainers, end-users) making the need for communication and cooperation an inherent characteristic.Changes in support technology, economic factors and globalisation of software development and maintenance is increasingly resulting in the geographical separation of personnel. Where such distribution of personnel occurs, it is clearly important that there is high quality communication and cooperation. This paper presents the results and conclusions from a study of communication and cooperation practices on a range of distributed commercial software projects.
The causes of the rural discontent with which Solon attempted to deal have never been satisfactorily explained. The invention and extended use of coined money, which has often been blamed, is hardly likely to have had such drastic effects in itself if one accepts the witness of other parallel episodes in world history. We can learn something of the austerities of life on the land in central Greece from Hesiod, and scattered literary references may serve as clues to a reconstruction of developments.
The flute players who in 404 B.C. celebrated the demolition of the Athenian walls with a hymn of joy for the liberation of Greece were thought to be hailing the dawn of a new era. It was an era in which Athens herself could participate, for even in defeat she had been spared the worst fate: her citizen population had not been butchered or enslaved; her land was not divided among alien colonists. Nevertheless the future which she faced was expected to be hard, in accordance with her humbled status. Her treasure was spent, her empire at an end; her losses in manpower had been terrible; the farming land which had traditionally been the economic basis of her existence, had been deliberately and extensively damaged. Thucydides in retrospect described the war as the most destructive in history: and Athens had ended as the loser. No wonder that historians have regarded the Peloponnesian War as a turning point of European history; and many have terminated their studies at this point, as if to divert their eyes from the tragic sight of Athens' decline into a new era of poverty and humiliation.
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