A survey was conducted in different randomly selected localities of the date-palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) growing areas of district Kharan for the determination of incidence, prevalence, severity and identification of major species of root-knot nematodes. During the survey, a total of 160 root samples were collected from different localities and cultivars of date-palm. The maximum prevalence was recorded from locality Nouroz Kalat (100%) and the minimum prevalence recorded was (20%) from Totazai and Raskoh. The incidence, as well as severity varied in all the cultivars. The maximum severity and incidence of root-knot nematode was recorded from date-palm cultivar Rabi (90%) followed by Alini (80%) with galling index of 4 and the minimum was recorded in cultivar Kaluth (20%) with a galling index of 1. The root samples collected from date-palm cultivars showed the occurrence of two species of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica which were found to be associated with date-palm in district Kharan. In the present study date-palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is reported as a new host of Meloidogyne javanica in Pakistan.
Alternaria fruit rot (AFR) caused by Alternaria alternata is a serious threat to grape market values in Pakistan during post-harvest stages, at the time of handling, storage transportation and distribution respectively. The objective of this study is to determine the anti-fungal activities of plant essential oils against Alternaria alternata causing fruit rot of grapes. For this purpose, three selected plant essential oils (EOs) viz. Kikar (Acacia karoo), Moringa (Moringa oleifera) and Sukh chain (Pongamia pinnata) essential oils at 200, 400 and 600 ppm concentrations were investigated by using different methods under in vitro condition against previously isolated culture of A. alternata designated as (Isolate ID. AA4PL1) on grape bunches. Results showed that Plant EO of Sukh chain at all concentrations showed significant result to inhibit the mycelial growth (89.4, 92 and 96.2 percent) in contact assay method as well as 96.2, 97 and 98.2 % growth inhibition regarding fungal culture transfer (FCT) experiment while, in case of well diffusion method 32%, 41% and 48% growth inhibition was recorded at 7 th day of incubation followed by Moringa EO and Kikar EO as compared to control that showed 0 % growth inhibition was measured. Moreover, results related to spore germination assay revealed that Sukh chain essential oil at 200, 400 and 600 ppm showed significant inhibition of germ tube length of A. alternata (140.8 µm, 77.5 µm and 34.1 µm) as compared to control in which germ tube length was recorded 250 µm respectively. It was concluded that Sukh chain EO has a great potential to inhibit the growth of A. alternata and can be further used as a strong antifungal agent against this pathogen under in vivo condition.
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