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A biocompatible amine functionalized fluorescent carbon dots were developed and isolated for gram scale applications. Such carbogenic quantum dots can strongly conjugate over the surface of the chloroplast and due to that strong interaction the former can easily transfer electrons towards the latter by assistance of absorbed light or photons. An exceptionally high electron transfer from carbon dots to the chloroplast can directly effect the whole chain electron transfer pathway in a light reaction of photosynthesis, where electron carriers play an important role in modulating the system. As a result, carbon dots can promote photosynthesis by modulating the electron transfer process as they are capable of fastening the conversion of light energy to the electrical energy and finally to the chemical energy as assimilatory power (ATP and NADPH).

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BackgroundOcimum L. of family Lamiaceae is a well known genus for its ethnobotanical, medicinal and aromatic properties, which are attributed to innumerable phenylpropanoid and terpenoid compounds produced by the plant. To enrich genomic resources for understanding various pathways, de novo transcriptome sequencing of two important species, O. sanctum and O. basilicum, was carried out by Illumina paired-end sequencing.ResultsThe sequence assembly resulted in 69117 and 130043 transcripts with an average length of 1646 ± 1210.1 bp and 1363 ± 1139.3 bp for O. sanctum and O. basilicum, respectively. Out of the total transcripts, 59648 (86.30%) and 105470 (81.10%) from O. sanctum and O. basilicum, and respectively were annotated by uniprot blastx against Arabidopsis, rice and lamiaceae. KEGG analysis identified 501 and 952 transcripts from O. sanctum and O. basilicum, respectively, related to secondary metabolism with higher percentage of transcripts for biosynthesis of terpenoids in O. sanctum and phenylpropanoids in O. basilicum. Higher digital gene expression in O. basilicum was validated through qPCR and correlated to higher essential oil content and chromosome number (O. sanctum, 2n = 16; and O. basilicum, 2n = 48). Several CYP450 (26) and TF (40) families were identified having probable roles in primary and secondary metabolism. Also SSR and SNP markers were identified in the transcriptomes of both species with many SSRs linked to phenylpropanoid and terpenoid pathway genes.ConclusionThis is the first report of a comparative transcriptome analysis of Ocimum species and can be utilized to characterize genes related to secondary metabolism, their regulation, and breeding special chemotypes with unique essential oil composition in Ocimum.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-588) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We present a technique for entropy optimization to calculate a distribution from its moments. The technique is based upon maximizing a discretized form of the Shannon entropy functional by mapping the problem onto a dual space where an optimal solution can be constructed iteratively. We demonstrate the performance and stability of our algorithm with several tests on numerically difficult functions. We then consider an electronic structure application, the electronic density of states of amorphous silica and study the convergence of Fermi level with increasing number of moments.PACS numbers: 71.23. Cq, 71.55.Jv, 02.30.Zz One of the fixed themes of physics is the solution of inverse problems. A ubiquitous example in theoretical physics is the "Classical Moment Problem" (CMP), in which only a finite set of power moments of a nonnegative distribution function p is known, and the full distribution is needed [1]. It is obvious that the solution for p is not unique for a finite set of moments. This non-uniqueness suggests the need for a "best guess" for p, based upon the available information. With its ultimate roots in nineteenth century statistical mechanics and a subsequent strong justification based upon probability theory, the "maximum entropy" (maxent) method has provided an extremely successful variational principle to address this type of inverse problem [2]. Collins and Wragg used the maxent method to solve the CMP for a modest number of moments [3]. In a comprehensive paper with seminal applications, Mead and Papanicolaou [4] solved the CMP with maximum entropy techniques and proposed the first practical numerical scheme to solve the moment problem for up to 15 moments. In a host of subsequent papers, the utility of the method as an unbiased and surprisingly efficient (rapidly convergent) solution of the CMP has been established. The principle has been used extensively in a number of diverse applications ranging from image construction to spectral analysis, large-scale electronic structure problems [5,6], series extrapolation and analytic continuation [7], quantum electronic transport [8], ligand-binding distribution in polymers [9], and transport planning [10].There exist a number of maximum entropy algorithms [4,6,11,12,13] that have been developed over the last two decades. Many of the algorithms (but not all) are constrained by the number of moments that it can deal with and become unreliable when the number of constraints exceeds a problem-dependent upper limit. As the number of moments increases, the calculation of moments (particularly the power moments) becomes more sensitive to machine precision and the optimization problem becomes ill-conditioned. It has been observed that implementation of a maxent algorithm with more than 20 power moments is notoriously difficult even with extended precision arithmetic and it rarely gives any further information on the nature of the distribution. The use of orthogonal polynomials as basis set significantly improves the accuracy and remedies most of the problems...

Background Undernutrition is a serious health problem and highly prevalent in developing countries. There is no as such confirmatory test to measure undernutrition. The objective of the present study is to determine a new Composite Score using anthropometric measurements. Composite Score was then compared with other methods like body mass index (BMI) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) classification, to test the significance of the method. Methods Anthropometric data were collected from 780 adult Oraon (Male = 387, Female = 393) labourers of Alipurduar district of West Bengal, India, following standard instruments, and protocols. Nutritional status of the study participants were assessed by conventional methods, BMI and MUAC. Confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to reduce 12 anthropometric variables into a single Composite Score (C) and classification of nutritional status was done on the basis of the score. Furthermore, all the methods (BMI, MUAC and C) were compared and discriminant function analysis was adopted to find out the percentage of correctly classified individuals by each of the three methods. Result The frequency of undernutrition was 45.9% according to BMI category, 56.7% according to MUAC category and 51.8% according to newly computed Composite Score. Further analysis showed that Composite Score has a higher strength of correct classification (98.7%), compared to BMI (95.9%) and MUAC (96.2%). Conclusion Therefore, anthropometric measurements can be used to identify nutritional status in the population more correctly by calculating Composite Score of the measurements and it is a non-invasive and relatively correct way of identification.

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