The present study aimed to determine concentration of sodium, potassium, copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in camel's milk. The camels was divided into two groups, the first group reared under the traditional farms and the second reared under pasture system. The elements were determined by using atomic absorption (AA) flame spectrometry techniques. The results indicated that the overall mean of sodium and potassium contents in camel milk was 1848.54±571.2 and 3749.90±328.9 mg/l, respectively. While, the overall mean of copper and zinc contents in camel milk was 0.065±0.02 and 0.20±0.06 mg/l, respectively. The overall mean of lead and cadmium contents in milk camel was 1.56±0.85 and 0.008 ± 0.001 mg/l, respectively. Sodium content in pasture camel milk was lower (1823.59±572.7 mg/l) than farm (1873.49±578.03 mg/l), but the content of potassium was higher (3868.49±162 .75 mg/l) in farm than pasture milk (3631.32±411.52 mg/l). Content of copper in pasture milk was higher (0.07±0.02 mg/l) than the farm milk (0.06 ± 0.02 mg/l). Similar trend was observed in zinc content in pasture milk was higher (0.21±0.07 mg/l) than the farm milk (0.19 ± 0.03 mg/l). Lead content was equal in pasture and the farm milk (1.54±1.1 and 1.58 ± 0.45 mg/l, respectively). Cadmium content in pasture milk was higher (0.016± 0.001 mg/l) than the farm milk (0.0005 ± 0.0001 mg/l). The present results of this study indicated that marked differences in concentration of K and Cd between pasture of milk and farm milk.
The current research aimed to study the conception rate of Egyptian native cows as influenced by vaginal mucus discharge (VMD). Forty cows were used in the experiment and were followed up after two-week postpartum. Vaginal mucus discharges were divided into three categories according to transparency ( transparent, cloudy and dirty), viscosity (thin and thick) or pH (7-7.5, 7.5-8 and ˃8). The results indicated that the percentage of cows that conceived which have transpa rent vaginal mucus discharge (VMD) during estrus were significantly (P <0.05) higher (73.3%) compared with cows which have cloudy and dirty vaginal mucus (40 and 20%), respectively. The percentage of cows that conceived which have thin vaginal mucus during estrus was significantly (P <0.05) higher (87.5%) compared to those cows which have thick vaginal mucus (25%). The conception rate was significantly (P <0.05) higher (78.6%) in cows which have vaginal mucus pH level at estrus ˃8 compared with those cows which had vaginal mucus pH value ranging from 7 to 8. No significant difference in plasma progesterone concentrations during estrus in cows which have different vaginal mucus pH in pregnant and non-pregnant baladi cows. However, concentrations of estradiol-17βduring estrus in pregnant cows were significantly (P <0.05) higher than non-pregnant cows. Concentration of estradiol-17β at estrus was significantly (P <0.05) higher in cows which have strong estrus intensity expression compared with cows having weak estrus intensity expression. In conclusion, the results clarified that the cows, which had vaginal mucus discharge (VMD): transparent, thin, and pH value at estrus ˃8 recorded higher conception rate. Estradiol-17β concentration was significantly (P <0.05) higher during estrus period in cows, which displayed high estrus intensity.
The present investigation aims to determine the effect of body condition score (BCS) at calving on ovarian activity and subsequent reproductive characteristics during postpartum period in crossbred cows. Thirty-six crossbred cows (Baladi cows x Friesian cows) week post-calving were used and divided into three groups of 12 cows for each group (BCS: less than 3 equal to 3 and more than 3) according to BCS. The results demonstrated that, uterine involution period, first ovulation and estrous was significantly longer, than (P <0.05) (38.4±3.4, 51.2±3.8 and 65.6±2.5, days) in cows with BCS ˂3, compared to cows with BCS equal 3 (30.2±2.2, 38.4±3.4 and 45.9±7.1, days), or more than 3 score (28.4±3.9, 30.5±2.6 and 43.2±5.3, days), respectively. The first service and conception was significantly longer (P <0.05) than (95.3±9.3 and 123.5 ±12.4, days) in cows with BCS ˂3 compared to cows with BCS equal 3 (71.2 ±6.6 and 102.3±13.1, days) to or more than 3 score (68.1±8.5 and 96.3±11.6, days), respectively. Lower NS/C in BCS ˃3 was (1.7±0.6, service) and equal 3 was (1.9±0.5, service) in comparison with those cows had BCS ˂3 was (2.7±0.4, service). The CR was significantly higher (P <0.05) than 50 and 60% in cows with a BCS equal 3 to or higher than 3 score compared to in cows with BCS less (30%) than 3, respectively. In conclusion, the current results indicated a significant effect of BCS at calving on recovery of ovarian activity and subsequent reproductive characteristics, during postpartum period in crossbred cows.
The current investigation was designed to determine the effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive efficiency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows. Twenty-four of the cows included in this study were split into two groups. The first group (n = 12 cows) was injected two months prepartum with two doses (15 days inter-treatment) of IVOMEC® Plus solution subcutaneously behind the shoulder, 1ml/50kg live body weight as prescribed by the manufacturer, whilst the other group (n = 12 cows) was used as a control group. The present results revealed that the incident rate of mastitis in treated cows’ group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower (16.7%) than control cows’ group (41.7%). The conception rate in treated cows’ group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (66.7%) compared with (33.3%) in control group. The time from calving to conception in treated cows was significantly (P < 0.05) lower 86.5 ± 11.4 days compared to 123.3 ± 13.2 days in the control group. The occurrence rate of anestrous cases was significantly (P < 0.05) lower (8.3%) in treated cows than (control group) (25%). In conclusion, the current study indicates there is an association between treated cows with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) two months prepartum and incidence rate of mastitis addition an improvement in the reproductive performance in treated cows relative to untreated cows. Therefore, the current study recommends the herdsmen treats their cows with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) during the prepartum period for less mastitis incidence rate and better reproductive efficiency.
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