Abstract-The wireless and dynamic nature of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) leaves them more vulnerable to security attacks than their wired counterparts. The nodes act both as routers and communication end-points. This makes the network layer more prone to security attacks. A main challenge is to judge whether a routing message originates from a trustworthy node or not. The solution so far is cryptographically signed messages. The general assumption is that nodes are in possession of a valid secret key can be trusted. Consequently, a secure and efficient key management scheme is crucial.Keys are also required for protection of application data. However, the focus here is on network layer management information. Whereas key management schemes for the upper layers can assume an already running network service, schemes for the protection of the network layer cannot. Keys are a prerequisite to bootstrap a protected network service. This paper surveys the state of the art within key management for ad hoc networks, and analyzes their applicability for network layer security. The analysis puts some emphasis on their applicability in scenarios such as emergency and rescue operations as this work was initiated by a study of security in MANETs for emergency and rescue operations. IndexTerms-Ad hoc networks, key management, security, network layer, emergency and rescue operations.

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