Oxidation of quercetin by air oxygen takes place in water and aqueous ethanol solutions under mild conditions, namely in moderately-basic media (pH ∼ 8-10) at ambient temperature and in the absence of any radical initiators, without enzymatic catalysis or irradiation of the reaction media by light. The principal reaction products are typical of other oxidative degradation processes of quercetin, namely 3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic (protocatechuic) and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic (phloroglucinic) acids, as well as the decarboxylation product of the latter -1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene (phloroglucinol). In accordance with the literature data, this process involves the cleavage of the γ-pyrone fragment (ring C) of the quercetin molecule by oxygen, with primary formation of 4,6-dihydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)benzoic acid (depside). However under such mild conditions the accepted mechanism of this reaction (oxidative decarbonylation with formation of carbon monoxide, CO) should be reconsidered as preferably an oxidative decarboxylation with formation of carbon dioxide, CO 2 . Direct head-space analysis of the gaseous components formed during quercetin oxidation in aqueous solution at ambient temperature indicates that the ratio of carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide in the gas phase after acidification of the reaction media is ca. 96:4 %. Oxidation under these mild conditi- Molecules, 2007, 12 655ons is typical for other flavonols having OH groups at C 3 (e.g., kaempferol), but it is completely suppressed if this hydroxyl group is substituted by a glycoside fragment (as in rutin), or a methyl substituent. An alternative oxidation mechanism involving the direct cleavage of the C 2 -C 3 bond in the diketo-tautomer of quercetin is proposed.

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Science Program at USC, and tothe Swedish Environmental Protection Board for their encouragement and financial (30) Yalkowski, S. H.; Valvanl, S. C.; Mackay, D. Residue Rev. 1083, 85, 43-55. (31) Aibro, P. W.; Corbett, J. T.; Schroeder, J. L. J . Chromatogr. The possibilities of using gas extractlon under dynamic conditlons in preparing gas mlxtures of known concentratlons for equipment testing and the development of analytical technlques are discussed. Conditions are specified for the preparation of mixtures in whlch the concentration of volatile components decreases regularly by contlnuous gas extraction from solutions. These methods widen the possibilities of using the exlstlng dynamic variatlons of Preparation vapor-gas mixtures and make it possible to operate with hlgh boiling, high polar, and unstable substances. Proposed methods were tested for hydrocarbon solutions in squalane or poly( ethylene glycol) from whlch vapor-gas mixtures at concentratlons ranging from 1 mg/ma to 50 mg/L were prepared.

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