We concur with the idea that congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) is a distinct clinical entity, and report 17 patients (2 negroes and 15 whites; 12 M and 5 F; median age 6 years, range 1 to 24 years) with genetic, clinical, laboratorial, electrophysiological and histochemical studies. All our cases have an inheritance compatible with an autosomal recessive pattern. A decrease in fetal movements was reported by 57% of the mothers, generalized hypotonia at birth was present in 82%, limb girdle and neck weakness, absent or decreased deep tendon reflexes, and limb contractures were present in all. Severe muscular wasting was found in 41%. Calf pseudo-hypertrophy was observed in one patient. A patient was severely mentally retarded and another was borderline. During a 30-month follow-up, the muscle weakness of the majority remained essentially unchanged but the degree of motor activity deteriorated and was proportional to the worsening of the limb contractures. Serum CK levels were normal or increased to a maximum of 8 times. The electromyogram was myopathic in 74%, neurogenic in 13% and normal in 13%. CT scans showed a symmetrical white matter hypodensity in the hemispheres in 8 cases. All but 5 patients were operated upon to release the limb contractures and all were submitted to physical therapy. The contractures recurred in 4 patients submitted to surgery and were probably related to the cessation of physical therapy.
RESUMO -Vinte e dois pacientes alcoólatras crônicos foram submetidos a exame clínico neurológico e biópsia muscular.Eles apresentavam graus variáveis de fraqueza muscular proximal (cinturas escapular e pélvica), tendo um deles evoluído com quadro agudo de miopatia (avaliação pelo 'Manual Muscle Test', MMT). A principal alteração histológica observada é melhor evidenciada pela coloração da ATPase: atrofia muscular (95,3%), predominando nas fibras do tipo II A (71,4%) e, em 76% dos casos, alteração da imagem em mosaico à custa de agrupamentos de fibras musculares de mesmo tipo histoquímico ('type-¬ -grouping').Secundariamente, em 63% dos casos, observa-se proliferação mitocondrial e conseqüente acúmulo lipídico intra-sarcoplasmático.No caso de instalação aguda da fraqueza muscular, o substrato anátomo-patológico é completamente diferente: presença de mlosite, predominantemente intersticial, caracterizada por infiltrado linfoplasmocitário e numerosas imagens de necrose tipo degeneração cérea de Zencker. Baseando-se em critérios histológicos, nossos dados sugerem que: a principal gênese da fraqueza muscular observada em pacientes alcoólatras crônicos tem natureza neurogênica (polineuropatia alcoólica); a atuação tóxica direta do etanol sobre o músculo esquelético está intimamente relacionada ao metabolismo mitocondrial; a chamada miopatia aguda alcoólica tenha etiologia inflamatória, do tipo viral. Muscle histochemistry in chronic alcoholism.SUMMARY -Twenty-two chronic acoholic patients were assessed by neurologic examination and muscle biopsy. The patients manifested proximal muscular weakness to a variable extent.One case presented as an acute bout of myopathy, according to the Manual Muscle Test, MMT.The most prominent histologic feature observed was muscle atrophy (95.3%) better evidenced through the ATPase stain with the predominance of type II A fibers (71.4%).Lack of the mosaic pattern (type grouping) seen in 76% of the cases and an important mitochondrial proliferation with intrasarcoplasmatic lipid accumulation in 63% of the patients.In case of acute presentation of muscle weakness the. pathological substrate is quite different, i.e. presence of myositis mainly interstitial characterized by lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate and several spots of necrosis like Zencker degeneration. Based on histologic criteria, our data suggest that: the main determinant of muscle weakness seen in chronic alcoholic patients is neurogenic in origin (alcoholic polineuropathy); the direct toxic action of ethanol under the skeletal muscle is closely related to the mitochondrial metabolism; the so-called acute alcoholic myopathy has probably viral etiology.
RESUMO -Foram individualizados 17 pacientes com distrofia muscular congênita (DMC) por critérios clínico-laboratoriais e biópsia muscular com estudo histoquímico do músculo deltóide superficial. São descritas e ilustradas, com detalhes, as alterações histológicas observadas nas respectivas biópsias e que compõem seu substrato anátomo-patológico: proliferação conjuntiva, alteração na arquitetura interna, necrose, involução gordurosa, macrofagia, regeneração, segmentação, centralizações nucleares e predominância de fibras tipo I. Destacamos a intensa proliferação conjuntiva endomisial ,que tende a isolar cada fibra muscular separadamente, e as importantes alterações na arquitetura, interna, com formação de fibras bizarras, que constituem dois importantes sinais que devem ser ressaltados tendo em vista um diagnóstico histológico diferencial com a distrofia muscular de Duchenne e Becker (DMD/ B) e com a distrofia forma cintura-membros. A importância de se individualizar a DMC das outras formas de distrofias musculares reside principalmente em seu prognóstico que, na maioria das vezes, é mais favorável que na DMD. Congenital muscular dystrophy: skeletal muscle histochemical study of 17 patients.SUMMARY -A thorough histological description of 17 patients with congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) is presented. The biopsies were performed in the left superficial deltoid muscle and processed with histochemical techniques. All samples showed connective tissue proliferation, changes in the internal architecture, necrosis, increase of adipose tissue, macrophagia, fiber regeneration and segmentation, central nuclei, and type I fiber predominance. The histological hallmarks of this entity are the marked endomysial connective tissue proliferation that frames one fiber from the other, and the important changes in the fiber's internal architecture. Those two abnormalities are extremely helpful to differentiate, on histological grounds, CMD from limb girdle muscular dystrophy and Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy. CMD presents a particular natural course and should be individualized apart from other muscular dystrophies.Geralmente, a classificação das distrofias musculares é feita sob base anátomo--clínica e de aspectos genéticos 8.Dentro deste grupo de patologias existe forma peculiar denominada distrofia muscular congênita (DMC), que se caracteriza clinicamente pela presença marcante de hipotonia generalizada precoce acompanhada de fraqueza muscular, de evolução estacionária ou lentamente progressiva e, às vezes, com tendencia a melhora.Com a melhor caracterização anátomo-patológica têm-se verificado diferentes formas clínicas de DMC em diferentes partes do mundo.Nos na E u r o p a 1^ e no Uruguai 2,3, caracteriza-se por comprometimento muscular primário, isolado ou associado a retrações de articulações.No Japão (DMC tipo Fukuyama)7,20 existe um tipo associado a sintomas neurológicos como retardo
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