X-ray images of the solar corona, taken on November 24, 1970, showed a magnetically open structure in the low corona which extended from N20W20 to the south pole. Analysis of the measured X-ray intensities shows the density scale heighl within the structure to be typically a factor of two less than that in the surrounding large scale magnetically closed regions. The structure is identified as a coronal hole.Since there have been several predictions that such a region should be the source of a high velocity stream in the solar wind, wind measurements for the appropriate period were traced back to the Sun by the method of instantaneous ideal spirals. A striking agreement was found between the Carrington longitude of the solar source of a recurrent high velocity solar wind stream and the position of the hole. Solar wind bulk velocity and photospheric magnetic field data from the period 1962-1970 indicate the possible extension of the result to the interpretation of long term variations in the wind pattern.

We investigate the association of high-speed solar wind with coronal holes during the Skylab mission by: (1) direct comparison of solar wind and coronal X-ray data; (2) comparison of nearequatorial coronal hole area with maximum solar wind velocity in the associated streams; and (3) examination of the correlation between solar and interplanetary magnetic polarities. We find that all large near-equatorial coronal holes seen during the Skylab period were associated with high-velocity solar wind streams observed at 1 AU.

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When observed at soft X-ray wavelengths coronal holes are seen as open features, devoid of X-ray emission and bounded by apparently divergent coronal loop structures. Inspection of the topology of the photospheric magnetic fields associated with these features suggests that holes are formed when the remnants of active region fields, emerging in both hemispheres over a period of several solar rotations, combine to form a large area of essentially unipolar field. Remnants of opposite polarity fields surround these features resulting in a divergent magnetic configuration at the hole boundaries. Holes are seen to form and evolve while the large scale divergent field pattern is reinforced and to close when large scale remnants occur which disrupt the general field pattern. Two types of holes are observed in the early Skylab observations. The first are elongated features which are aligned approximately north-south extending from one solar pole to a polar filament channel in the opposite hemisphere. The polar holes and somewhat lower latitude holes appear to lie in unipolar areas which are completely confined by opposite polarity fields.Studies of the rotation properties of an elongated hole, which extended from the north pole to a latitude of approximately 20~ showed it to rotate with a synodic rate of (13.25J:0.03)-(0.4~0.1 sin2r deg day -1. Possible explanations for the almost rigid rotational characteristics of this feature are discussed.

This paper summarizes the results of a program of rocket observations of the solar corona with grazing incidence X-ray telescopes. A series of five flights of a Kanigen-surfaced telescope with a few arc seconds resolution, together with the first flight of a newer telescope have resulted in the identification of six classes of coronal structures observable in the X-ray photographs. These are: active regions, active region interconnections, large loop structures associated with unipolar magnetic regions, coronal holes, coronal bright points, and the structures surrounding filament cavities. Two solar flares have been observed. The methods involved in deriving coronal temperature and density information from X-ray photographs are described and the analysis of a bright active region (McMath plage 11035) observed at the west limb on November 24, 1970 is presented as an example of these techniques.

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This atlas shows the boundary locations of the coronal holes observed in soft X-rays (2-32, 44-54 A) by the AS & E X-ray spectrographic telescope on Skylab. The data are presented as tracings of the boundaries as they appeared when the holes were near central meridian.