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The purpose of this research was to neutralize livestock-generated ammonia by using biofilters packed with inexpensive inorganic and organic packing material combined with multicultural microbial load at typical ambient temperatures. Peat and inorganic supporting materials were used as biofiltration matrix packed in a perfusion column through which gas was transfused. Results show the ammonia removal significantly fell in between 99 and 100% when ammonia concentration of 200 ppmv was used at different gas flow rates ranged from 0.030 to 0.060 m3 h(-1) at a fluctuating room temperature of 27.5 +/- 4.5 C (Mean +/- SD). Under these conditions, the emission concentration of ammonia that is liberated after biofiltration is less than 1 ppmv (0.707 mg m(-3)) over the period of our study, suggesting the usage of low-cost biofiltration systems for long-term function is effective at wider ranges of temperature fluctuations. The maximum (100%) ammonia removal efficiency was obtained in this biofilter was having an elimination capacity of 2.217 g m(-3) h(-1). This biofilter had high nitrification efficiencies and hence controlled ammonia levels with the reduced backpressure. The response of this biofilter to shut down and start up operation showed that the biofilm has a superior stability.

Eremothecium ashbyii NRRL 1363 was used in this investigation which is a highly flavinogenic strain. Studies on riboflavin production was conducted in shake culture using inexpensive and abundantly available raw materials. Among the stimulants rice bran oil at 1 kg m )3 stimulated the highest and promoted the maximum riboflavin yield followed by Eriodendron anfractuosum, yeast hydrolysate and corn steep liquor. The fermented broth (an enriched riboflavin concentrate) was stable for two months at 4°C, to be used as feed grade riboflavin. To upgrade to pharmaceutical grade further investigations are required. List of symbolsc corn steep liquor (as stimulant) kg m )3 e Eriodendron anfractuosum (cotton seed powder) (not deoiled, -as stimulant) kg m )3 M Molasses (dextrose equivalent -50 kg m )3 ) P Peanut seed cake (deoiled) as nitrogen source (50 kg m )3 ) (weight/volume) r rice bran oil (as stimulant) kg m )3 v Specific production rate {g riboflavin (g micro organism) )1 h )1 } y yeast hydrolysate (as stimulant) kg m )3 Specific growth rate of mycelium (h )1 ) Cc Carbon concentration consumed kg m )3 Sc Substrate + corn Steep Liquor kg m )3 Se Substrate + Eriodendron anfractosum kg m )3 Sr Substrate + rice Bran oil kg m )3 Sy Substrate + yeast hydrolysate kg m )3 Icc Initial carbon concentration kg m )3 Mbc Maximum biomass concentration kg m )3 (on dry weight basis) Mrc Maximum riboflavin concentration kg m )3 Ry Riboflavin yield

For ribo¯avin production a highly¯avinogenic strain Eremothecium ashbyii is used. Vitamins are classi®ed as chemical substances that control and effect the physiological processes; Ribo¯avin is one among them. The de®ciency of ribo¯avin in human beings results in the cracking of lips and corners of mouth (cheilosis); nerve tissues are affected. For ribo¯avin production a highlȳ avinogenic strain Eremothecium ashbyii NRRL 1363 was used. Investigations were conducted in shake¯ask using inexpensive and abundantly available raw materials. Among the stimulants, a combination of hog casings and beef extract stimulated the highest and promoted the maximum ribo¯avin yield followed by the combination of ®sh meal and beef extract. The fermented broth (an enriched, ribo¯avin concentrate) can be directly used as a feed grade ribo¯avin. To upgrade it to pharmaceutical grade further investigations are required. List of symbolsb blood meal (as stimulant) kg m À3 e beef extract (as stimulant) kg m À3 f fish meal (as stimulant) kg m À3 h hog casings (as stimulant) kg m À3 M Molasses (dextrose equivalent À50 kg m À3 ) P Peanut seed cake (deoiled) as nitrogen source 50 kg m À3 (weight/volume) v Specific production rate fg riboflavin (g micro organism) À1 h À1 g l Specific growth rate of mycelium h À1 Cc Carbon concentration consumed kg m À3 S b Substrate + blood meal kg m À3 S e Substract + beef extract kg m À3 S f Substrate + fish meal kg m À3 S h Substrate + hog casings kg m À3 Icc Initial carbon concentration kg m À3 Mbc Maximum biomass concentration kg m A3 (on dry weight basis) Mrc Maximum riboflavin concentration kg m À3 Ry Riboflavin yield