A gender difference in absolute muscle strength is well documented.The e'xtent to which quantitative (fiber area and number) and qualitative (specific tension) differences in muscle contribute to this is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine a variety of muscle characteristics in the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis in a sample of males (n-8) and females (n=8) The difference in type II fiber area in the biceps brachii was not statistically significant despite the fact that these fibers were almost twice as large in the males as in 2 the females (8207 vs. 4306 urn). No significant gender difference was found in biceps fiber number (180,620 vs.l56,872) or muscle area to fiber area ratio in the vastus lateralis (451,468 vs. 465,007).No significant gender differences were found in any of the motor unit characteristics.The results indicate that the primary determinant of the greater muscle strength of males is their larger mean fiber areas which results in greater muscle cross-sectional areas.iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, the public health workforce has experienced re-deployment from core functions such as health promotion, disease prevention, and health protection, to preventing and tracking the spread of COVID-19. With continued pandemic deployment coupled with the exacerbation of existing health disparities due to the pandemic, public health systems need to re-start the delivery of core public health programming alongside COVID-19 activities. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify strategies that support the re-integration of core public health programming alongside ongoing pandemic or emergency response. Methods The Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews was used to guide this study. A comprehensive search was conducted using: a) online databases, b) grey literature, c) content experts to identify additional references, and d) searching reference lists of pertinent studies. All references were screened by two team members. References were included that met the following criteria: a) involved public health organizations (local, regional, national, and international); b) provided descriptions of strategies to support adaptation or delivery of routine public health measures alongside disaster response; and c) quantitative, qualitative, or descriptive designs. No restrictions were placed on language, publication status, publication date, or outcomes. Data on study characteristics, intervention/strategy, and key findings were independently extracted by two team members. Emergent themes were established through independent inductive analysis by two team members. Results Of 44,087 records identified, 17 studies were included in the review. Study designs of included studies varied: descriptive (n = 8); qualitative (n = 4); mixed-methods (n = 2); cross-sectional (n = 1); case report (n = 1); single-group pretest/post-test design (n = 1). Included studies were from North America (n = 10), Africa (n = 4), and Asia (n = 3) and addressed various public health disasters including natural disasters (n = 9), infectious disease epidemics (n = 5), armed conflict (n = 2) and hazardous material disasters (n = 1). Five emergent themes were identified on strategies to support the re-integration of core public health services: a) community engagement, b) community assessment, c) collaborative partnerships and coordination, d) workforce capacity development and allocation, and e) funding/resource enhancement. Conclusion Emergent themes from this study can be used by public health organizations as a beginning understanding of strategies that can support the re-introduction of essential public health services and programs in COVID-19 recovery.