Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics

Miller, A. E. J.; MacDougall, J. D.; Tarnopolsky, Mark A.; Sale, D. G.

doi:10.1007/bf00235103

Cited by 826 publications

(640 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Resistance training (RT) has been prescribed for individuals who want to optimize muscle hypertrophy and strength gains [12,22,29]. For such results, some variables must be controlled and manipulated, such as increased overload, number of repetitions, sets, frequency, exercise order, and rest interval between sets [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination and comparison of time under tension required to perform 8, 10 and 12-RM loads in the bench press exercise

Silva

Lima

Paz

et al. 2016

Biomedical Human Kinetics

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SummaryStudy aim: To determine and compare the time under tension (TUT) required to perform 8, 10 and 12 repetition maximum (RM) loads in the bench press exercise. Material and methods: Twenty men (24.17 ± 4.69 years) were selected intentionally and properly. We included in the study physically active individuals, with a weekly frequency of physical activity of at least two days for six months, and excluded individuals with injury or pain that could interfere with the correct execution of the exercise and individuals with positive PAR-Q. The 10-RM test consisted in performing ten consecutive repetitions with maximum overload and the highest speed in bench press exercise on the Smith machine. After 48 h, 10-RM sets were performed with the load obtained in the 10-RM load testing. The TUT in 10-RM was verified through kinematics using the timing technique of the Kinovea software. Results: The RM loads and TUT obtained during the retest session showed normal distribution between subjects. However, no significant differences were found between the loads 8, 10 and 12-RM within and between subjects (p < 0.05). The verified TUT showed a difference from 8 to 10-RM and from 8 to 12-RM, but no significant difference was found between TUT protocols for 10 and 12-RM (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The study results enable evaluation of TUT in bench press exercise on the Smith machine for the study sample, allowing, for this group, the prediction and control of training intensity through the TUT.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination and comparison of time under tension required to perform 8, 10 and 12-RM loads in the bench press exercise

Silva

Lima

Paz

et al. 2016

Biomedical Human Kinetics

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“…It is important to note that, in the study by Thompson et al, the participants included four men and four women, and it was reported that HSP70 content in biceps brachii, a mixed muscle containing ϳ50% type I and 50% type II fibers (24), was increased at 48 h following the exercise protocol in every participant. Unfortunately, specific sex comparisons were not reported in that study, so it is unknown if there were differences between men and women in the magnitude of the HSP70 response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ovarian sex hormones and downhill running on fiber-type-specific HSP70 expression in rat soleus

Bombardier¹,

Vigna²,

Iqbal³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Bombardier E, Vigna C, Iqbal S, Tiidus PM, Tupling AR. Effects of ovarian sex hormones and downhill running on fiber-type-specific HSP70 expression in rat soleus. J Appl Physiol 106: 2009 -2015, 2009. First published April 9, 2009 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91573.2008This study examined the influence of the ovarian sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, on the fiber-type-specific response of the inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) to damaging exercise in rat soleus. Ovariectomized female rats were divided into three treatment groups (n ϭ 16 per group): sham (S), progesterone (P; 25 mg pellet), and estrogen (E; 0.25 mg pellet). Each treatment group was divided into control and exercised groups. After 8 days of sham or hormone treatment, animals ran downhill intermittently for 90 min (17 m/min, Ϫ13.5°grade) on a treadmill, and soleus muscles were removed 24 h postexercise. HSP70 expression was assessed in whole muscle homogenates by Western blotting and in individual muscle fiber types by immunohistochemical analysis of serial cross sections of soleus samples. Comparisons between control groups showed that HSP70 expression in soleus was increased (P Ͻ 0.05) in E compared with both S and P. No difference (P Ͼ 0.05) was observed between S and P. Following downhill running, HSP70 content in soleus was increased (P Ͻ 0.05) compared with control in S and P, but not (P Ͼ 0.05) in E. As a result, soleus HSP70 content following downhill running was not different (P Ͼ 0.05) between any of the treatment groups. Under all conditions, HSP70 content was higher in type I vs. type II fibers, and the effects of both estrogen and exercise on HSP70 expression in soleus were also more pronounced in type I vs. type II fibers. These results demonstrate that 1) estrogen regulates HSP70 expression in skeletal muscle, increasing basal HSP70 expression and preventing further increases in HSP70 in response to exercise; 2) progesterone is not involved in the regulation of HSP70 expression in skeletal muscle; and 3) the effects of estrogen and exercise on HSP70 expression in skeletal muscle are fiber type specific. estrogen; progesterone; muscle fiber type HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS (HSP) are families of highly conserved stress proteins found in almost all cells, which have been shown to be induced by a variety of environmental and intracellular stresses (18). The inducible 70-kDa HSP (HSP70) may be the most highly induced protein of the cellular stress response and is rapidly upregulated under conditions of oxidative stress (48). It is well established that HSP70 content in skeletal muscle increases in response to both nondamaging and damaging exercise and can protect against contraction-induced muscle damage (for review, see Refs. 10,19). However, the HSP70 response to exercise in both skeletal (31, 33) and cardiac muscle (32) is sex specific, with males demonstrating a more robust response than females. Collectively, these studies and others have shown that the sex-specific HSP70 response to exercise is mediated by the ovarian sex hormo...

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“…Other significant correlates of IFWR included being female and having practiced M & B longer. A prior physiological study (23) suggests an innate gender difference such that men generally have larger and stronger muscles then women, and that these differences are greater in the upper limbs. As noted in the Introduction, massage practitioners are at high risk for various work-related upper limb musculoskeletal disorders, including finger or thumb, shoulder, wrist, neck, arm or elbow.…”

Section: Implications For Massage Therapists and Suggestions For Futumentioning

confidence: 96%

Correlates of Injury-forced Work Reduction for Massage Therapists and Bodywork Practitioners†

Blau

Monos

Boyer

et al. 2013

IJTMB

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Background: Injury-forced work reduction (IFWR) has been acknowledged as an all-toocommon occurrence for massage therapists and bodywork practitioners (M & Bs). However, little prior research has specifically investigated demographic, work attitude, and perceptual correlates of IFWR among M & Bs.Purpose: To test two hypotheses, H1 and H2. H1 is that the accumulated cost variables set ( e.g., accumulated costs, continuing education costs) will account for a significant amount of IFWR variance beyond control/demographic (e.g., social desirability response bias, gender, years in practice, highest education level) and work attitude/perception variables (e.g., job satisfaction, affective occupation commitment, occupation identification, limited occupation alternatives) sets. H2 is that the two exhaustion variables (i.e., physical exhaustion, work exhaustion) set will account for significant IFWR variance beyond control/demographic, work attitude/perception, and accumulated cost variables sets.Research Design and Participants: An online survey sample of 2,079 complete-data M & Bs was collected. Stepwise regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses. The research design first controlled for control/demographic (Step1) and work attitude/perception variables sets (Step 2), before then testing for the successive incremental impact of two variable sets, accumulated costs (Step 3) and exhaustion variables (Step 4) for explaining IFWR.Results: Results supported both study hypotheses: accumulated cost variables set (H1) and exhaustion variables set (H2) each significantly explained IFWR after the control/demographic and work attitude/perception variables sets. The most important correlate for explaining IFWR was higher physical exhaustion, but work exhaustion was also significant. It is not just physical "wear and tear", but also "mental fatigue", that can lead to IFWR for M & Bs. Being female, having more years in practice, and having higher continuing education costs were also significant correlates of IFWR.Conclusions: Lower overall levels of work exhaustion, physical exhaustion, and IFWR were found in the present sample. However, since both types of exhaustion significantly and positively impact IFWR, taking sufficient time between massages and, if possible, varying one's massage technique to replenish one's physical and mental energy seem important. Failure to take required continuing education units, due to high costs, also increases risk for IFWR. Study limitations and future research issues are discussed.

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Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics

Cited by 826 publications

References 43 publications

Determination and comparison of time under tension required to perform 8, 10 and 12-RM loads in the bench press exercise

Determination and comparison of time under tension required to perform 8, 10 and 12-RM loads in the bench press exercise

Effects of ovarian sex hormones and downhill running on fiber-type-specific HSP70 expression in rat soleus

Correlates of Injury-forced Work Reduction for Massage Therapists and Bodywork Practitioners†

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