: Until recently, it was thought that there were no lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, all metabolic processes were assumed to take place only in the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and through the blood-brain barrier’s (BBB), which regulate ion transport and ensure the functioning of the CNS. However, recent findings yield a new perspective: There is an exchange of CSF with interstitial fluid (ISF), which is drained to the paravenous space and reaches lymphatic nodes at the end. This circulation is known as the glymphatic system. The glymphatic system is an extensive network of meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLV) in the basal area of the skull that provides another path for waste products from CNS to reach the bloodstream. MLV develop postnatally, initially appearing around the foramina in the basal part of the skull and the spinal cord, thereafter sprouting along the skull’s blood vessels and spinal nerves in various areas of the meninges. VEGF-C protein (vascular endothelial growth factor), expressed mainly by vascular smooth cells, plays an important role in the development of the MLV. The regenerative potential and plasticity of MLV and the novel discoveries related to CNS drainage offer potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, hydrocephalus, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer disease (AD). Herein, we present an overview of the structure and function of the glymphatic system and MLV, and their potential involvement in the pathology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
Background Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders. Changes caused by disorganization of collagen and elastin fibers lead to the inability of withstanding heavy mechanical stress. In clinical practice, diagnosis of these disorders depends on physical and anthropomorphic evaluation. Methods Forty-eight patients with frequent post-exercise musculoskeletal disorders were evaluated for CTD. The control group included 36 healthy participants. Both groups were evaluated via therapeutic examination with assessment of anthropometric indicators and physical-physiological evaluation, surveying and gathering of anamnesis. Based on testing results, study participants were evaluated on CTD presence and risk factors. Results All experimental group patients had connective tissue dysplasia of moderate and severe degree, with a total score of 49.44 ± 13.1. Certain morphological characteristics showed prevalence, allowing to determine pathognomonic predictors of high predisposition to frequent post-exercise musculoskeletal disorders. Back pain (100%), asthenic syndrome and kyphotic spinal deformation (75%), high gothic palate, hypermobility of joints and the auricles, excessive elasticity (63%), varicose veins of the lower extremities (56%) and hemorrhoids (56%), changes in the shape of the legs and temporomandibular joint (50%) showed to be significant clinical factors indicating possible connective tissue dysplasia. Conclusions The presence of these diagnostically significant morphological signs of CTD in humans is a pathognomonic predictor of a high predisposition to frequent injuries. Their early detection helps promote proper appointment of adequate physical activity regimen and develop treatment for the underlying cause.
Aim. The article deals with establishing the character of the correlations between the somatometrical features and morphological signs of connective tissue dysplasia in persons with frequent post exercise structural and functional disorders of the locomotor apparatus. This is required for creating treatment and disease preventive measures and recommendations to choose an adequate physical activity. Materials and methods. A comprehensive medical and anthropological examination of 48 people aged from 18 to 47 years (mean age 36.38 ± 6.02 years) with frequent post exercise structural and functional disorders of the locomotor apparatus was carried out. A questionnaire was developed to assess the status of their connective tissue. The control group consisted of 36 apparently healthy people aged 18.85 ± 0.56 years. Statistical processing of the data obtained was performed using Microsoft Excel 2010. Results. All patients with frequent post exercise structural and functional disorders of the locomotor apparatus had connective tissue dysplasia of moderate and severe degree, the total score of which was 49.44 ± 13.1. The analysis of the frequency of connective tissue dysplasia morphological signs occurrence depending on their diagnostic significance, made it possible to establish the pathognomonic predictors of high susceptibility to frequent disorders of the locomotor apparatus. Conclusion. Early diagnostics of frequent disorders of the locomotor apparatus will contribute to timely preventive measures in terms of physical load and a corresponding rehabilitation for eliminating the development of the main disorder.
Tongue provides a person with many functions, participates in speech, taste receptions (the peripheral part of the taste analyzer), the initial stages of digestion and moisturizes the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. The lingual glands, along with others, produce saliva, but in a smalt amount, in comparison with the large salivary glands. The purpose of the study is to study the number of lingual glands and their morphological features in people of different ages and sex under normal conditions. Macroscopic, histological methods and parametric statistics methods have been used to study the glands of the tongue, obtained from the corpses of 149 men and 150 women who died from the period of the newborn to 96 years, for reasons of asphyxia incompatible with the life of injuries. On total preparations of the tongue, the glands were electrically stained in a 0.5% solution of acetic acid with 0,05% methylene blue solution in tap water. We studied the total number, length and width of the initial sections of the glands of different parts of the tongue - at its anterior, middle and posterior third, and also in the organ as a whole. For histological examination, the gland was further studied on preparations obtained after evisceration (139 cases). As a result of the study, it was revealed that the size and quantity of lingual glands in postnatal ontogenesis vary in the direction from the tip to the root of the tongue (increase from front to back). In this case, the glands of the root of the tongue produced a saliva of a mucous nature. Given that ensuring the oral phase of swallowing requires the presence of a mucous secretion in the oral cavity, the morphological changes of lingual glands in the thickness of the tongue revealed by us are absolutely physiologically necessary. Changing the size and number of glands throughout the mucous membranes of internal organs is recognized as one of the patterns of their structural organization.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.