Purpose: We sought to determine the incidence, etiology, characteristics and risk factors for all headaches in the first week postpartum. Methods:This was a prospective cohort study of 985 women delivering over a three-month period in a single tertiary-care institution. These women underwent a structured interview and follow-up to collect demographic data and to assess for the presence and characteristics of postpartum headache (PPHa) or neck/shoulder pain. All headaches were diagnosed using an algorithm based on the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society. Multivariate analysis was used to examine possible risk factors.Results: Three hundred eighty-one of the 985 study participants (39%) reported headaches or neck/shoulder pain during the study period. The median time to onset of the PPHa was two days (0, 6; 1st and 3rd quartiles) and duration was four hours (2, 24; 1st and 3rd quartiles). Primary headaches accounted for > 75% of PPHa. Only a small number of headaches (4%) were incapacitating. Postdural puncture headache accounted for 4.7% of all PPHa. Significant risk factors for the development of PPHa were: known inadvertent dural puncture [odds ratio (OR) adj = 6.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29, 31.24]; previous headache history (1-12/yr-OR adj = 1.57; 95% CI 1.01, 2.44; > 12/yr-OR adj = 2.25; 95% CI 1.63, 3.11); multiparity (OR adj = 1.37; 95% CI 1.03, 1.82) and increasing age (OR adj = 1.03/yr; 95% CI 1.00, 1.06). Conclusions: Postpartum headaches are common, often first noted after discharge from hospital. The majority are related to primary headache disorders. Increased awareness of this epidemiological relationship and improved diagnosis of primary headache conditions may lead to improved headache-specific therapy and avoidance of unnecessary investigations or readmission to hospital. 1,29, 31,24] ; des antécédents de céphalées 57 ; IC de 95 % 1,01,2,44 ;25 ; IC de 95 % 1,63,3,11) ; la multiparité (RR aju =1,37 ; IC de 95 % 1,03,1,82) et l'âge croissant (RR aju = 1,03/an ; IC de 95 % 1,00,1,06 Objectif

Purpose Postoperative delirium often remains undiagnosed and therefore untreated. The purpose of this continuing professional development module is to identify patients at high risk of developing delirium following noncardiac surgery and to provide tools to aid in the diagnosis of delirium at the bedside. Optimal prevention and treatment strategies are recommended. Principal findings Delirium is characterized by an acute onset and a fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking and an altered level of consciousness, and occurs in up to 40% of patients in the perioperative period. The pathophysiology of delirium is multifactorial, but it is believed to be related to inflammation, altered neurotransmission, and stress in the patient who has had surgery. Acetylcholine and dopamine appear to play a significant role. There is an increased risk of a poor outcome in patients who develop delirium, including a longer hospital stay and death. Surgical and patient factors play a significant role in predicting who will subsequently develop delirium. Prevention is much more effective than treatment in the management of delirium. The most effective prevention strategies include proactive geriatric assessment and care of the patient on a geriatrics surgical ward as well as prophylactic low-dose antipsychotic agents. From an anesthetic perspective, evidence in some surgical populations would support the use of regional techniques and minimal sedation. If delirium develops, treatment with lowdose oral antipsychotics appears to be most effective.Conclusions Delirium is a serious condition that must be recognized early and treated promptly to minimize deleterious outcomes. In order to institute prevention strategies and treat the condition effectively when it occurs, the anesthesiologist must be vigilant in identifying patients at risk and in screening for this condition. Objectives of this Continuing Professional Development (CPD) module:After reading this module, the reader should be able to:1. Define delirium in the context of other cognitive changes following non-cardiac surgery. 2. Understand the incidence and adverse outcomes associated with delirium. 3. List predisposing and precipitating factors of postoperative delirium and identify the patient at risk. 4. Explain the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms believed to be implicated in causing delirium. 5. Formulate an anesthetic plan that minimizes the risk of developing postoperative delirium. 6. Devise a management plan to treat postoperative delirium most effectively while minimizing the adverse effects of treatment.Like other Western nations, Canada's population is aging rapidly. Over the past 50 years, the proportion of Canadians over the age of 65 has risen from 7.7% to 13.7%. A Statistics Canada estimates that the proportion of seniors will double 123Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth (2012) 59:304-320 DOI 10.1007 yet again by 2036 and will represent 23-25% of Canada's population. B This rapid demographic shift will impact anesthesiologists and hospitals ...

Purpose Certain pressures stemming from within the medical community and from society in general, such as the need for increased accountability in resident training and restricted resident duty hours, have prompted a re-examination of methods for training physicians. Leaders in medical education in North America and around the world champion competency-based medical education (CBME) as a solution. The Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Ottawa launched Canada's first CBME program for anesthesiology residents on July 1, 2015. In this paper, we discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with CBME and delineate the elements of the new CBME program at the University of Ottawa. Source Review of the current literature. Principal findings Competency-based medical education addresses some of the challenges associated with physician training, such as ensuring that specialists are competent in all key areas and reducing training costs. In principle, competency-based medical education can better meet the needs of patients, providers, and other stakeholders in the healthcare system, but its success will depend on support from all involved. As CBME is implemented, anesthesiologists have the opportunity to become leaders in innovation and medical education. The University of Ottawa has implemented a CBME program with a twofold purpose, namely, to focus learning opportunities on the development of the specific competencies required of practicing anesthesiologists and to test the effectiveness of a reduction in the length of training. Conclusion Canadian anesthesia residency programs will soon transition to CBME in order to promote better transparency, accountability, fairness, fiscal responsibility, and patient safety. Competency-based medical education offers significant potential advantages for healthcare stakeholders. RésuméObjectif Certaines pressions provenant de la communauté médicale et de la société en général, telles que la nécessité d'une imputabilité accrue lors de la résidence et des heures réduites pour les résidents, ont motivé un réexamen des méthodes de formation des médecins. Les chefs de file de la formation médicale en Amérique du Nord et de par le monde prô nent la formation médicale fondée sur les compétences (FMFC) comme solution. Le département d'anesthésiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa a lancé le premier programme canadien de FMFC destiné aux résidents en anesthésiologie le 1 er juillet 2015. Dans cet article, nous présentons les occasions et les défis associés à la FMFC et décrivons les éléments du nouveau programme de FMFC de l'Université d'Ottawa. Source Revue de la littérature actuelle. Constatations principales La formation médicale fondée sur les compétences relève certains des défis associés à la formation des médecins, tels que de garantir que les

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Our study does not find high overlap index values between the initial tumor and recurrence subvolumes, probably because of a suboptimal coregistration. Our results also confirm that metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis are independently correlated with recurrence-free survival in patients with HNSCC. Further larger prospective studies with FDG-PET/CT performed in the same RT position and with a validated elastic registration method are needed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1155-1165, 2017.

Residual paralysis is common at tracheal extubation and PACU arrival, despite qualitative neuromuscular monitoring and the use of neostigmine. More effective detection and management of NMB is needed to reduce the risks associated with residual NMB.

Faculty development must be considered in the rollout of any new educational initiative. Experts suggest that faculty development for CBME should incorporate educational activities using multiple teaching and delivery methods, and should be offered longitudinally through the planning, development, and implementation phases of curriculum change. Additionally, these educational activities must continue until all faculty have demonstrated an acceptable level of competence. Faculty buy-in is paramount to the successful delivery of any faculty development program that is not mandatory in nature.

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