Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the main cattle ectoparasite in tropical areas. Gir × Holstein crossbred cows are well adapted to different production systems in Brazil. In this context, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses for R. microplus resistance in an experimental Gir × Holstein F population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified in GWAS were used to build gene networks and to investigate the breed of origin for its alleles. Tick artificial infestations were performed during the dry and rainy seasons. Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) and single-step BLUP procedure was used for GWAS. Post-GWAS analyses were performed by gene ontology terms enrichment and gene transcription factors networks, generated from enriched transcription factors, identified from the promoter sequences of selected gene sets. The genetic origin of marker alleles in the F population was assigned using the breed of origin of alleles approach. Heritability estimates for tick counts were 0.40 ± 0.11 in the rainy season and 0.54 ± 0.11 in the dry season. The top ten 0.5-Mbp windows with the highest percentage of genetic variance explained by SNP markers were found in chromosomes 10 and 23 for both the dry and rainy seasons. Gene network analyses allowed the identification of genes involved with biological processes relevant to immune system functions (TREM1, TREM2, and CD83). Gene-transcription factors network allowed the identification of genes involved with immune functions (MYO5A, TREML1, and PRSS16). In resistant animals, the average proportion of animals showing significant SNPs with paternal and maternal alleles originated from Gir breed was 44.8% whereas the proportion of animals with both paternal and maternal alleles originated from Holstein breed was 11.3%. Susceptible animals showing both paternal and maternal alleles originated from Holstein breed represented 44.6% on average, whereas both paternal and maternal alleles originated from Gir breed animals represented 9.3%. This study allowed us to identify candidate genes for tick resistance in Gir × Holstein crossbreds in both rainy and dry seasons. According to the origin of alleles analysis, we found that most animals classified as resistant showed 2 alleles from Gir breed, while the susceptible ones showed alleles from Holstein. Based on these results, the identified genes may be thoroughly investigated in additional experiments aiming to validate their effects on tick resistance phenotype in cattle.
Fertility traits are economically important in cattle breeding programs. Scrotal circumference (SC) measures are repeatable, easily obtained, highly heritable, and positively correlated with female fertility traits and sperm quality traits in males. A useful approach to summarize SC measures over time is using nonlinear models, which summarize specific measures of SC in a few parameters with biological interpretation. This approach facilitates the selection of bulls with larger SC and maturity index (K), that is, early maturing animals. Because SC is a sex-limited trait, identifying the underlying genomics of growth curve parameters will allow selection across both males and females. We reported the first multitrait genomewide association study (GWAS) of estimated growth curve parameters for SC data in Brahman cattle. Five widely used nonlinear models were tested to fit a total of 3,612 SC records, measured at 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo of age. The von Bertalanffy model, individually fitted for each animal, best fit this SC data. Parameter estimates SC at maturity (A) and K as well as SC at all ages were jointly analyzed in a GWAS to identify 1-Mb regions most strongly associated with each trait. Heritabilities were 0.25 for K and 0.32 for A and ranged from 0.51 to 0.72 for SC at 6 (SC6), 12 (SC12), 18 (SC18), and 24 mo of age (SC24). An overlapping window on chromosome 14 explaining around 0.8% of genetic variance for K, SC12, SC18, and SC24 was observed. The major positional candidate genes within 1 Mb upstream and downstream of this overlapping window were , , , and . Windows of 1 Mb explaining more than 0.4% of each trait on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 14, 17, 18, 24, 25, and 26 were identified. Pathways and net-work analyses were indicated through transcription factors playing a role on fertility traits: , , , , , , and . Further validation studies on larger populations or other breeds are required to validate these findings and to improve our understanding of the biology and complex genetic architecture of traits associated with scrotal growth and male fertility in cattle.
We estimated genetic and phenotypic parameters for egg production in meat-type quails aiming to propose an optimal age for selection through partial record egg production. Data of 3,503 female quails from two strains (namely, UFV1, with 1,811 and UFV2 with 1,692 females) were used. Egg production was assessed by the number of eggs recorded after 42 days of age and each partial period consisted on 35 days of egg production forward. Covariance components were estimated by using single and bivariate animal model, comprising each partial period of egg production and full egg production period (one year of egg laying). Regarding strain UFV1, heritability estimates ranges from 0.03 to 0.16, and for strain UFV2 0.20 to 0.25. The highest genetic correlation with full egg production was with second period (0.64) for strain UFV1 and with third period (0.47) for UFV2. Therefore, animal selection based on egg production until 112 days for the strain UFV1 and 147 days for the strain UFV2 provided increased genetic gain by reducing generation interval.
O medo é uma fonte de estresse relacionado a doenças e a baixa produtividade em animais de produção em cativeiro. Dentre as consequências negativas do medo em aves, destacam-se o desperdício de energia, a perda de peso, a baixa conversão alimentar, a redução do tamanho do ovo, a maturidade sexual tardia e o comprometimento do sistema imunológico (Jones e Hocking, 1999). Uma das formas de quantificar o nível de medo é por meio da imobilidade tônica (IT).A IT é uma forma de mensurar o medo, caracterizada pela capacidade de resposta reduzida a estímulos externos (Jones e Faure, 1981). Assim, o tempo de permanência em IT indica o nível de medo, isto é, quanto maior for o tempo de permanência no estado catatônico, mais amedrontado será o animal observado. Sendo a IT mensurada como o tempo até a ocorrência de um evento, a análise de sobrevivência (AS) figura como um método estatístico adequado para tratar tais dados. A principal vantagem da AS é a utilização de dados censurados, os quais se caracterizam como informações incompletas do tempo até a ocorrência do evento em questão (Ducrocq et al., 2000). Dessa forma, se o animal permanecer em IT até um período de tempo predefinido, ou seja, se ele não demonstrar reação nesse período, este é dito censurado. Além disso, o tempo observado para animais que mostraram reação segue distribuições assimétricas, o que inviabiliza a
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