Introduction:The goal of this work is to develop spectroscopic (multi-energy) computed tomography (CT) systems for pre-clinical research. Traditional radiographs CT work by passing a broad spectrum of x-rays through the patient. The radiograph is formed by measuring the total number of x-rays that reach the detector (e.g. film). However, it has been known for a long time that x-rays come in different energies, also called wavelengths, frequency or colors. Methods:Our system uses the latest x-ray detectors from high energy physics to enable multi-energy imaging. This allows us to distinguish different materials in the object by their "x-ray color". Current state of the art clinical systems use two x-ray sources in order to have dual-energy imaging.Results and Discussion: Potential applications are improved use of pharmaceutical contrast agents (e.g. iodine and barium), improved intrinsic tissue contrast (calcium-oxylate versus calcium-phosphate in breast micro-calcifications) and labeling of tumor specific nano-particles. This exciting new tool has potential use for all branches of medicine.
Methods: Ten ultrasound images demonstrating CRL measurements taken from routine obstetric ultrasound departments were evaluated by a group of 11 experienced ultrasound practitioners, including the nine Regional Obstetric Ultrasound Screening Coordinators for England. The RAG (red/amber/green) flag system was used to score each image as good (green), acceptable (amber) or poor (red). The main components of the image were identified. The constituent parts of each component were then indentified and defined using objective criteria. The images were then rescored using the agreed criteria and the criteria refined until consensus was reached and the correct RAG flag assigned. A suite of 10 scored images, each with a detailed breakdown of how its score was assigned, was produced and piloted as an audit tool for individuals and a teaching tool for staff teams. Results: Six CRL image components, of magnification, end points, horizontal position, rotation, flexion and calliper placement, are identified. Magnification and horizontal position are both defined by one criterion, end points by four, rotation by five, flexion by four and calliper placement by three criteria. A green flag is scored when all 18 criteria are achieved. Failure to achieve specific combinations scores an amber flag while other specific combinations score a red flag. The sonographer response to the tool is that it is daunting to use initially but once familiar with its principles, it is logical, quick to apply and clinically useful. Conclusions:The CRL image can be broken down into 18 defined criteria that can be used to produce an objective image assessment tool. P07.16The development of an image assessment tool for nuchal translucency Objectives: To identify a set of objective criteria that describe the components of a nuchal translucency (NT) image and to develop a quality assurance tool for NT image assessment. Methods: Ten ultrasound images demonstrating NT measurements taken from routine obstetric ultrasound departments were evaluated by a group of 11 experienced ultrasound practitioners, including the nine Regional Obstetric Ultrasound Screening Coordinators for England. The RAG (red/amber/green) flag system was used to score each image as good (green), acceptable (amber) or poor (red). The main components of the image were identified, using the Fetal Medicine Criteria as an initial guide. The constituent parts of each component were then indentified and defined using objective criteria. The images were then rescored using the agreed criteria and the criteria refined until consensus was reached and the correct RAG flag assigned. A suite of 10 scored images, each with a detailed breakdown of how its score was assigned, was produced and piloted as an audit tool for individuals and a teaching tool for staff teams. Results: Four NT image components, of magnification, rotation, flexion and calliper placement, are identified. Magnification is defined by four criteria, rotation by five and flexion and calliper placement each by three criteria. A gre...
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