Termination of quarries is the reason for the settlement of pioneer plants, which exploit "free" areas of soil in a certain sequence, called successions. The theoretical foundations of restorative plant successions in the quarries are still relatively poorly developed, although there is much empirical research on the subject. The object of our study is the quarry of a brick factory located in the eastern outskirts of the village. Novy Tik (Demydiv district, Rivne region) in the central part of Volyn height, 27 km south of Lutsk. Since 2008, when the brick factory ceased to function in the quarry, there has been a primary plant succession, which is now at a youth stage and is characterized by an increase in biodiversity. As of autumn 2019, 72 plants spices have been identified in the quarry, including 6 species of trees, 1 species of shrubs and 65 species of grasses. According to the results of the systematic analyze, the Asteraceae and Fabaceae families predominate. The prevailing ecological groups of plants in the quarry are determined: in relation to lighting prevail heliophytes; in relation to the thermal regime, the largestproportion is made up of temperate-warm climate species; in the vegetation cover at the present stage of succession, Central European species prevail. Based on the analysis of the population of plant associations and the appearance of interspecific and intraspecific competition, it is established that plant succession in the studied quarry is at a youth stage. Also, heterochrony and microzonal differentiation of succession processes in different parts of the quarry are found. The difference in the passage of succession stages depending on the features of the relief is taken as the basis for the quarry microzoning. It has been established that at the present stage of vegetation succession, the determining factor in the qualitative and quantitative composition of plant communities is abiotic quarry factors, especially morphology and relief dynamics and lithological-stratigraphic structure of deposits. The initial stage of soil succession was revealed, which became possible due to the accumulation of a significant amount of mortmass in recent years.
The preparation of the River Basin Management Plan includes an assessment of the human pressure by polluting substances. This paper suggests a methodology for calculating the total budget of nutrients in the river basin using the balance method. We assessed the supply of nutrients from various sources within the catchment area. Point sources include emissions from urban areas as well as industrial and agricultural enterprises. Diffuse sources are divided into those determined by natural background (emission from territories covered by forests, grass vegetation, direct atmospheric depositions on the water surface) and anthropogenic ones (arable land, rural, built-up areas). The developed method can be applied to basins not provided with monitoring data.
Необхідність забезпечення питного водопостачання та ефективного розвитку економіки України на фоні нерівномірності розподілу водних ресурсів стало передумовою реалізації протягом ХХ ст. низки великих інфраструктурних проєктів, до найбільших з яких належать спорудження на Дніпрі каскаду водосховищ і Каховської зрошувальної системи, прокладен ня Північно-Кримського та каналів Сіверський Донець-Донбас, Дніпро-Дон бас, Ду най-Чорне море. Масштабне будівництво стимулювало розвиток розрахункової гідрології.
Literature overview. Precipitation measurements include random and systematic errors. Systematic errors increase in the following order: evaporation loss, wetting loss, and wind-induced undercatch (World Meteorological Organization, 2008). The last one occurs because of the aerodynamic blockage under the precipitation gauge collector (Baghapour et al. 2017; Sevruk & Nespor, 1994). Field experiments have shown that wind-induced undercatch reaches 14% for rain and 40% for snow for the Tretyakov wind-shielded gauge (Goodison et al., 1998). In Ukraine, precipitation records omit wind-induced undercatch correction. This study aims to calculate true precipitation values at Ukrainian weather stations, evaluate existing methodologies for precipitation measurements correction, and create the digital archive of corrected precipitation values based on sub-daily observations. Material and methods. We used four methods to quantify wind-related errors for the Tretyakov gauge with wind shield proposed by Golubev (Konovalov et al., 2000), Bryazgin (Aleksandrov et al., 2005), Norway meteorological institute (Forland et al., 1996), and Yang (Yang et al., 1995). Sub-daily records were requested from Central Geophysical Observatory named after Boris Sreznevsky covering 207 stations between 1976 and 2019; 187 stations had more than 20 years’ period. Results. For the Tretyakov gauge, annual wind-induced undercatch ranges from 5 to 9.5%, depending on correction methodology. The highest bias is observed for the solid precipitation – from 17.7 to 27.4%. The precipitation loss increases along with annual wind speed at the weather station (correlation coefficient r = 0.89). Conclusions. We suggest that Golubev’s and Yang’s methodologies estimate precipitation wind-induced undercatch more accurately at stations where blizzards are often observed, we recommended using the Golubev’s methodology because it takes into account “false” precipitations. The precipitation loss equals 0.2–4% according to the Golubev’s method at covered weather stations and reaches 13–19% at the bare mountain regions or seashore. Solid precipitation is more sensitive to the influence of wind – snow loss averages 17.3% according to the Golubev methodology or 21% according to the Yang methodology, while rain loss – 2.6% or 6.7%, respectively. The obtained database with corrected precipitation comprises sub-daily and daily records from 207 Ukrainian stations between 1976 and 2019. It could be used for hydrological and climatological research.
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