Water stress enhances essential oils content in medicinal plants. Manure in soil prepares essential elements and increase quality and quantity of plant products. To study the effects of water stress and manure application on yield components, oil percentage and its main constituents on Cuminum cyminum, this experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Zahak, Zabol, south east of Iran in a complete randomized block in factorial design with four replications. Treatments including irrigation intervals (I 1 : two times irrigation, I 2 : three times irrigation and I 3 : four times irrigation that are irrigation in germination, seedling, flowering and seed filing stages) and manure application (F 1 : without manure application, F 2 : 20 t/ha manure application). The chemical composition of the essential oil was examined by GC and GC-MS and they were significantly affected by water stress and manure (P<0.05). Three irrigation times with manure treatment produced the highest number of umbrella per plant, seed and biological yield and the lowest 1000-seed weight and number of seed per umbrella. The effect of water stress and manure were significant on essential oil and its constituents. Three irrigation times with manure treatment caused the highest amount of cumin aldehyde and ρ-cymene and the lowest of β-pinene, γ-terpinene and α-pinene. Results showed that a relationship exist between the main constituents of cumin essential oil under water and manure application.
Background: Cattle manure (CM) is the most common organic fertilizer used by farmers. However, its usually slow decomposition leads to the use of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, experiments on nano-and micro-sized particles of CM were conducted to evaluate the possibility of accelerating its decomposition in soil. Methods: The effects of a sole application of CM in different sizes (nano-, micro-, and natural-sized particles) in two ranges (5 and 20 Mg ha -1 ) and the combined application of CM and chemical fertilizers on the plant growth characteristics of soybean (cv. JS 335) were studied at Gorgan University. Nano-and micro-sized particles of CM were produced using a ball mill, and their half-life in soil was measured. Soil properties were measured before planting. Grain yield, 1000 grain weight, number of pods per plant, biological yield, plant height, and nutrient contents in plant shoot material were measured. Results:The results showed that the use of nano-sized particles of CM (nCM) caused a significant increase in yield and yield components. Increasing the amount of crushing resulted in an increased rate of CM mineralization and in proper nitration before the formation of nodes in the roots. A significantly higher yield was obtained with nCM than with chemical fertilizer, and due to the nCM particles' half-life in soil, the plants were allowed to absorb nutrients for a longer time period. Conclusion: The nCM has two major advantages over chemical fertilizers in that it does not release nutrients as quickly as chemical fertilizers and the loss of nutrients from soil is low.
ABSTRACT. The objective of the study was to determine the responsible factors for germination and early seedling growth due to salt toxicity or osmotic effect and to optimize the best priming treatment for these stress conditions. To study the effect of osmopriming and hydropriming on germination and seedling growth of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under salt stress conditions this experiment was conducted at Torbat-Heydariyeh University, Torbat, Iran. The treated seeds (control, hydropriming and ZnSO 4 ) of black cumin were evaluated at germination and seedling growth for tolerance to salt (NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 ) conditions at the same water potentials of 0.0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2MPa. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of the NaCl solutions were 0.0, 6.5, 12.7, 18.4 and 23.5 dSm-1, respectively. Results showed that hydropriming increased germination and seedling growth under salt stress. Germination delayed in both solutions, having variable germination with different priming treatments. In NaCl treatment, germination percentage, root and shoot weight, shoot and root length were higher but mean germination time and abnormal germination percentage were lower than Na 2 SO 4 , at the same water potential. The root / shoot weight and R/S length enhanced with increase of osmotic potential in both NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 solutions. NaCl had less inhibitor effect on seedling growth than the germination. It was concluded that inhibition of germination at the same water potential of NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 resulted from salt toxicity rather than osmotic effect. The findings of this experiment can be useful and applied to achieve best germination and uniform emergence under field conditions for farmers of medicinal plants.
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