Field trials were conducted in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 growing seasons at Giza Agricultural Research Station to evaluate powdery mildew (PM) severity on nine flax cultivars. Tested cultivars could be classified into five distinct groups, i.e., highly susceptible (Corland and C.I. 2008), susceptible (Giza 7 and Marshall), moderately susceptible (Cass), moderately resistant (Dakota, Koto and Wilden) and resistant (Ottowa 770B). They showed considerable variation in PM severity ranging from 8.1 on Ottowa 770B to 97.0% infected leaves/plant on Cortland. Total soluble proteins, total phenols, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, ascorbic acid, tocopherol and malondialdehyde were determined in infected leaves of the tested cultivars. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the degree of association between PM severity and each biochemical component. All components showed significant (P<0.05) or highly significant (P<0.01) negative correlation with PM severity except MDA, which showed positive correlation (P<0.01). The results of the present study suggest that phenols and MDA in infected leaves could be used to assist the screening of resistant plants at early stages of powdery mildew development.

Eight bread wheat cultivars were used to study some earliness and yield and its component traits. The parental cultivars were employed to produce 28 F 1 hybrids following 8 x 8 half Diallel crossing without reciprocals. The seeds of 28 F 1 hybrids and their parents were planted to estimate mean squares due to parents and their crosses which were significant for all studied traits. The parental variety P 3 was the best parent for earliness. However, P 8 was the best for remained traits. The crosses (P 1 x P 4) and (P 2 x P 4) were the best combinations for earliness traits, while the six crosses were the best for remained traits. Highly significant negative desirable heterotic effects were detected for earliness, on the contrary for remained traits relative to mid and better parent. The mean squares associated with general and specific combining abilities detected significant and highly significant estimates for all studied traits. Results indicated that P 4 (Sids12) was good combiner for earliness traits and most of yield and its component traits. The best cross combinations displayed fair amount of SCA effect were obtained from (P 2 x P 4) and (P 4 x P 5) for earliness traits, the six crosses for remained traits. The graphical analysis Wr/Vr indicated the importance of over dominance gene effects in controlling all traits. The results indicated the importance of additive and dominance genetic variances in controlling these traits. The "a" item was significant for most studied traits and more than "b" item. Narrow sense heritability was less than (0.50) for all traits except plant height trait (0.80). Positive alleles were not equally distributed among parents (H 2 /4H 1 ≠ 0.25) for all studied traits. The magnitude of dominance (H 1 /H 2) was significant or highly significant higher than additive components (D) for all traits, expect plant height trait. All estimates of environmental variance (E) were positive significant and highly significant for all studied traits indicating that all studied traits have greatly affected by environmental factors.

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of various soil applied rates of (NPK) and compost compound either alone or in combination on some vegetative growth measurements, fruiting aspects, fruit quality and leaf nutritional status of "Anna" apple cultivar trees budded on MM106 rootstock grown at El-Kanater Experimental farm belonging to Horticultural Research Station during the two successive seasons of 2011 and 2012. Data obtained clearly indicated that, most of the (NPK) and (compost) levels either alone or in combination treatments exhibited a positive effect and a significant increment in all studied vegetative growth parameters i.e., shoot length, number of leaves per shoot and leaf surface area. Moreover, fruiting parameters (yield as kg/tree and ton per fed.) were statistically increased with increasing the levels of the most studied treatments in the two seasons of experimental study. Also, data revealed obviously that, fruit characteristics including both fruit physical properties i.e., (fruit weight, volume, firmness, length and diameter) and fruit chemical characteristics such as TSS %, total acidity % and TSS/acid ratio were significantly improved when treated trees with various treatments especially with the highest soil applied levels of NPK or/and compost when compared to the lowest level. Furthermore, leaf nutritional status of some studied nutrients i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were generally improved and increased as a result of the different investigated treatments under this investigation from the standpoint of statistic during both seasons of study. Generally, it could be concluded that, most of (NPK) and (compost) soil applied treatments either alone or in combination resulted in a positive and a significant effect on all investigated vegetative growth, fruiting aspects and both fruit quality (properties) and leaf nutrient content of "Anna" apple trees in most cases. Furthermore, the highest level of combination treatment of (N 4 P 4 K 4 + compost at 2000 ml 3 ) was the most effective treatment for increasing growth, yield, leaf nutrient contents and improving the most fruit properties.

No abstract

The present research work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of five different products, two biocides (abamectin and protecto), two synthetic chemical products (methomyl and chlorpyrifos) and one mineral oil (Kzoil) against some piercing-sucking insect pests attacking cotton plants and their side effects on the associated predators. The experiment was conducted during 2017season at Kafr ElShenhab village, Mansoura district by using cotton variety Giza94. From results were obtained, it is obvious that methomyl and chlorpyrifos were more effective as initial kill (72.2 and68.2%), (66.4 and51.9%) and (60.1 and78.9%) for aphid, whitefly and predators respectively. But Kz-oil (61.4%) and abamectin (62.9%) were more effective against jassid and spider mites respectively as initial kill% (after 24hrs. of treatment) effect, whereas a moderate or less initial kill effect ranged from32.7 to 51.9% was recorded for the other products. In contrast, abamectin, protecto and Kz-oil were more safety against associated predators as initial kill as follows: 12.2, 9.5and 12.5%respectively. With respect of residual mean and general mean effect, abamectin, protecto and Kz-oil were relatively highly effective against aphids (65.0,63.3 and 61.6%) as residual mean and (61.8, 60.4,and59.5%) as general mean effect and against jassids by moderate effect (50.3, 51.4 and57.7%) as residual mean and (48.7, 48.3 and58.3%) as general mean effect respectively. While other tested products recorded a weak effect as residual mean and general mean effect against all piercing sucking insects except both methomyl and chlorpyrifos were highly effective against predators (78.0 and48.9%) and (75.0 and53.9%) as residual mean and general mean effect respectively.

White coats worn by professionals in the medical field (students of health) or the work in the laboratory (students of Science), goal protect clothing from microbes. In this study was determined the type of microbial contamination on the white coats and the potential risks of microbes. The study was done by a questionnaire for students and samples swabs of coats for 80 students from the Fac. of Health and Science. The results explained the presence of pathogenic bacteria causing inflammatory and dimples contaminated white coats, such as Erysipelothrio rhusiopathiae causing the h time skin, Micrococcus luteues causing chronic inflammatory skin ; bacterial meningitis and blood contamination unidentified Organism and Kocuria kristinae causing infections of the urinary tract infections, gallbladder and opportunistic bacteria and the spread of nosocomial infections, one of opportunistic pathogens. As well as recorded high proportion of serious fungi that cause various diseases and contamination of food such as Aspergillus niger ; Helminthosporium spp, Fusarium SPP, and Alternaria alternate . This study suggests that a large proportion of white coats may be a carrier of serious morbidity among female students in colleges is different, especially when not . There are laws and regulations in organizing wear these coats and the way to carry and learn how the daily cleaning of .

The present investigation used four bread wheat cultivars to study some earliness, yield and its components characters. The parental cultivars produced six F 1 hybrids following 4 x 4 half Diallel crossing without reciprocal. F 1 hybrids and their parents were evaluated via combined analysis to study mean squares due to the parents and their hybrids which showed significant values for all studied traits. The parental variety P 1 was the best for earliness. However, P 4 was the best for yield and its components. The crosses P 1 x P 4 and P 2 x P 4 were the best for earliness. However, four crosses were the best for yield components. The mean squares associated with general and specific combining ability appeared significant values for all studied traits in the both seasons. Gemmeiza 9 was the good parent for earliness traits; however, Gemmeiza 10 was the best parent for yield and its components in the two seasons. The graphical analysis Wr/Vr showed significance of over dominance gene effects, as well as, significance of additive and dominance genetic variance in controlling all traits. The additive components (A) were lower than dominance for all traits in both seasons. Heritability in narrow sense was low for all traits in both seasons. The magnitude of dominance (H 1 and H 2) was significant than additive for most traits in both seasons which reflected the presences of over dominance. The environmental variance (E) showed that all traits have been greatly affected by environmental factors.

An investigation was performed to determine the possible role of detoxification metabolism in resistant strains of Tetranychus urticea Koch.Adult females were subjected to selection pressure through 40 generations by LC50's and LC90's of Vertimec (Avermectines), Cypermethrin (Pyrethroids), Methomyl (Carbamates) and Malathion (O.P), were (41.308, 42.021, 44.881, and 49.265 folds) and (49.815 ,55.411 ,63.972 ,and 90.00 folds), respectively, whereas RRS slopes ranged from 0.884 to 1.395 folds. Comparative assay with esterases (EST) and mixed function oxidases (MFO) showed that LC50's of Mal-Resistant strains had higher EST. activiy (4.71) with lower MFO activity (3.80),while ,LC50's of Vert-Rresistant strains had lower EST. activiy (2.70) with higher MFO activity (4.26). Synergist experiments showed low synergism by S,S,S tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) of EST activiy ranged from 4.81 to 2.99 folds,while synergism by Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) of MFO activity ranged from 4.27 to 3.82folds to LC 50's pesticides resistant strains.