It is known that the rumen microbiome directly or indirectly contributes to animal production, and may be a prospective target for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions [1] . At the same time, feed types and components of diet can influence the composition of the rumen microbiome [2 , 3] . Fluctuations in the composition of the digestive tract microbiota can alter the development, health, and productivity of cattle [4] . Many studies of cattle microbiomes have focussed on the rumen microbiota, whereas the faecal microbiota has received less attention [5] , [6] , [7] . Therefore, the features of the faecal and the ruminal microbiomes in different cattle breeds are yet to be studied. Here, we provided 16S rRNA gene amplicon data of the ruminal and the faecal microbiomes from Yakutian and Kalmyk cattle living in the Republic of Sakha, Yakutia, Russia. Total DNA was extracted from 13 faecal and 13 ruminal samples, and DNA libraries were prepared and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Paired-end raw reads were processed, and final operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were assigned to the respective prokaryotic taxa using the RDP (Ribosomal Database Project) database. Analysis of the microbiome composition at the phylum level revealed very similar faecal microbiota between the introduced Kalmyk breed and the indigenous Yakutian breed, whereas the ruminal microbiomes of these breeds differed substantially in terms of relative abundance of some prokaryotic phyla. We believe that the data obtained may provide new insights into the dynamics of the ruminal and the faecal microbiota of cattle as well as disclose breed-specific features of ruminal microbiomes. Besides, these data will contribute to our understanding of the ruminal microbiome structure and function, and might be useful for the management of cattle feeding and ruminal methane production.

The work includes research using the SmaXtec internal monitoring system for Kalmyk bulls fattening in the conditions of Yakutia. The indicators of the rumen pH-value, rumen temperature and animal physical activity were analyzed. The data of bulls health state weekly monitoring via bolus-sensors and natural and climatic factors in the fattening period are presented. We studied the Kalmyk bulls monitoring daily indicators (15–18 months) using the SmaXtec system. Digital technologies were used and remote information sourcing from farm livestock in real time mode was obtained for the first time in the region’s cattle breeding.

The article presents the study results of the Kalmyk breed bulls meat chemical composition, that had been fed local non-traditional feed additives — zeolite and salt. The data shows differences in chemical composition of the average sample bulls meat, in the experimental group dry matter was from 27.09 to 31.02%, meat protein was 2.97% higher, and fat was 2.18% higher than the control group. The ratio of protein and fat in both group meat was 0.62-0.64. In studied meat samples was different vitamin content. In the experimental animals meat, B1 vitamin was 26.8% higher, B2 -5.9%, E - 2.6%, PP - 8.2%. Studies show that the mineral additives in the diet contributes to a greater accumulation of dry matter, nutrients, and vitamins. Under such technology, beef has a great energy density and biological value. The article also reflects the study results of the Kalmyk bulls meat macro- and microelement composition. When analyzing the data, we found that the animals receiving natural feed additives have the best ultimate composition in their meat.

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The article presents the results of studies of the bioconversion of nutrients and feed energy into meat products when fattening young Kalmyk breed in Yakutia. The studies were carried out on the basis of the SCHPK Soloyun Megino-Kangalassky region. The experiment was organized on Kalmyk gobies fed from 17 to 18 months of age. For the experiments, 2 groups of animals were formed, which were divided into control and experimental groups. The control group consumed the main diet, the experimental group additionally consumed 200 g of Suntarsky zeolite per head. The main diet of animals by structure consisted of meadow hay 46%, haylage – 22% and mixed fodder 32% or 11.95 ECU per day. During the experiment, the live weight of the animals was almost identical. At the end of fattening, the animals of the control group yielded to the bulls of the experimental group by 3.5%. It was found that the gobies of the experimental group had higher indicators of meat productivity, which affected bioconversion. The analysis showed that the control group of bulls yielded to the experimental group in terms of pulp by 26.9%, in the deposition of food protein by 13.6%. The conversion rate of protein into food protein in the control group was 12.0%, and in the experimental group the indicator was 21.3%. The yield of dietary protein in the control group was 8.08 g, which is 33.6% less than in the experimental group. Thus, the calculation of bioconversion showed that the animals of the experimental groups, which additionally consumed Suntarsky zeolite, had a higher ability to transform nutrients and feed energy into meat products.