The book gives current scientific positions of the system analysis methodology on the basis of various models and scales, both in deterministic conditions and under conditions of uncertainty and risks. Models of complex systems are considered. Classification of types of systems modeling is presented. The principles of constructing scales are considered: nominal type, order, intervals models of complex systems are formulated. Stages of construction of mathematical model of system are made. The main types of measurement, ratios, differences and absolute scale. Methods for processing characteristics measured in different scales. Life cycles and empirical laws of evolution, engineering and reengineering of developing management information systems, patterns of evolution of such systems, bifurcation phenomena and the importance of attractor development constraints are analyzed. The problems of management of innovative projects using fuzzy logic methods, fuzzy algorithms (Mamdani, Larsen, Sugeno and Tsukamoto), fuzzy growing pyramidal networks and elements of artificial intelligence are considered. Some methods for analyzing and assessing the sustainability of managing risky investment projects on the basis of the theory of the function of a complex variable, operational calculus, actor-network theory, imitation modeling, and the construction of a stability curve are presented. Empirical laws of evolutionary dynamics of information-control systems are considered. Some methods for modeling defect management processes in a developing information management system are presented, including mathematical modeling using the Kendall method. The stochastic network model of the evolution of the information-control system is analyzed. Interpretation and evaluation of the penetration of defects into the system is given. Management decisions and budgeting of the information management system are analyzed.
Today, the implementation of complex innovative projects to create mechanical engineering products is a priority area of state policy. The high technical complexity, the huge number of participants, the duration of the implementation of such projects require the use of effective decision support tools. However, the existing mathematical methods do not take into account this specificity. This leads to the need to develop a conceptually new approach to solving the scientific task. The article proposes a procedure for analyzing the prospects of implementing the complex innovative project based on an assessment of the innovative potential of its participants and the external environment. It is based on the integrated application of data mining methods (fuzzy Kalman filter, growing pyramidal networks, fuzzy logic algorithms) that allow solving various tasks of supporting project decisions.
Any project, especially in the field of import substitution, is subject to the risk of failure (non-implementation) for various reasons. At the same time, the process of import substitution has significant differences from innovative processes, associated, first of all, with the emergence of time and country risks. In this regard, the risk analysis is proposed to be carried out using a special rubricator of import substitution risk sources, created taking into account the specifics of a specific project. Since the statistics on import substitution projects implementation are rather scarce, especially if the substitution object is a unique hardware complex of a very high cost, then experts have to use methods of intellectual analysis, in particular, fuzzy inference algorithms. In this case, the elements of the rubricator are considered as linguistic variables characterizing the sources of risk. However, in the case of a complete or partial analysis of the entire rubricator, a systemic effect of an emergent increase in information about a possible risk arises. This is due to the fact that sources of risks can “work” in the sense of creating a risk situation, both individually and in combination. It is proposed to evaluate this effect using the Hartley indicator, which reflects how much the amount of information obtained during identifying one element of the system increases due to the systemic effect as a result of unification. Depending on the value of this indicator, two approaches can be used to assess the possibility of project risk: either the Sugeno fuzzy inference algorithm (if the value of the indicator is significant), or simpler methods (if the value of the indicator is not significant). The proposed approach to the analysis of the risks of import substitution was used by the authors when diagnosing the project of replacing ship power plants for modern small vessels of the coastal navigation zone.
В статье рассматриваются отдельные направления развития компаративного метода юриспруденции, обусловленные необходимостью включения в состав объектов сравнительного правоведения правопорядка и интересов. На основе отечественных и зарубежных источников раскрываются существующие между ними взаимозависимости. Материалом для исследования послужили труды отечественных и зарубежных исследователей в области сравнительного правоведения, а также философии и теории права.Методологическую основу исследования составили общенаучные и частнонаучные научные методы, такие как диалектический метод, анализ и синтез, дедукция и индукция, сравнительно-правовой и историко-правовой методы, системный подход.В ходе проведенного исследования раскрываются значение правопорядка как объекта сравнительного правоведения, понятие интереса и классификация интересов в праве. Рассматривается процесс влияния зарубежных правовых систем на правовое поле Российской Федерации. Авторы, признавая всю ценность современного сравнительного правоведения и юридической географии мира, выделяют новые критерии, в соответствии с которыми происходит дифференциация и интеграция различных правовых систем, международного, наднационального, национального, траснационального и субнационального уровней. Для обозначения данных критериев в научный оборот вводятся такие понятия, как изонома, изоарха и изодика, обозначающие правовые явления, объединяющие различные правовые системы и правопорядки и носящие нормативный, институциональный и аксиологический характер соответственно.Ключевые слова: сравнительное правоведение, компаративный метод, правопорядок, интерес, частный интерес, публичный интерес, законный интерес, система права, правовая система, интеграция и дифференциация общества.
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