Mixed ligand complexes derived from diclofenac potassium salt (Kdc) and acetaminophen (ace) has been synthesized and proposed to have a general formula [MB] where M = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+and B = (ace)(dc)(H2O)2 except for Mn2+ complex which exists as [Mn(ace)(dc)OH2]. The complexes were characterized by solubility, melting point, conductivity, elemental analyses, UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) study and magnetic susceptibility measurement. Electronic absorption spectra data are characteristic of octahedral structures for [MB]. The IR spectra revealed a bidentate coordination mode. In acetaminophen, the nitrogen and carbonyl-O atoms of the amide group were involved while the carboxylate oxygen atoms of potassium diclofenac were used; typical of a carboxylic acid derivative. The compounds were screened for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation assay and antimicrobial activity against bacteria strains: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthrax, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and a fungus Aspergillus niger. Some of the tested compounds showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the standard drug diclofenac potassium salt. The in-vitro antimicrobial screening revealed an increased activity of the complexes against the bacteria isolates compared to the free ligands. KEY WORDS: Metal(II) ion, NSAIDs, Anti-inflammatory activity, Diclofenac potassium salt, XRPD, Antimicrobial activity Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 77-86. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.6
The interaction of selected biometals with dinitrogen donor ligand, 1,10-phennathroline (phen) and amino acid, 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (methionine; met) resulted in isolation of three mononuclear complexes. The prepared complexes were characterized by diverse techniques including elemental and spectroscopic analysis. From the analytical and spectral data, octahedral geometry was proposed to the synthesized metal (II) complexes. Bonding of the metal ion through N- and O- donor atoms of the ligands is revealed by infrared studies. The compounds showed moderate solubility in distilled water and in some common organic solvents. In vivo evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of the metal complexes showed improved inhibitory activity against some micro-organisms as compared to the ligands, with Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes showing the highest activities against the fungi.
This paper presents a review of the State-of-the-Art Techniques for Power Flow Analysis (PFA) that are newly proposed. However, some of the existing classical methods for the Power Flow Analysis such as Newton-Raphson method, Gauss-Siedel method, and Fast Decoupled Power Flow Technique were also discussed so as to give a background and a wider view of the improvements recorded so far. From the findings, the State-of-the-Art Techniques such as Particle Swamp Optimization Algorithm for optimal Power Flow Incorporating Wind Farms, Hybrid Firefly and Particle Swamp Optimization Algorithm, Mann Iteration Process Technique for III-Conditioned System, and A New Approach Newton-Raphson Load Flow Analysis in Power System Networks with STATCOM have shown superiority over and above the existing classical methods in terms of accuracy, speed of convergence and overall efficiency. Particularly, there are two newly proposed methods for dc grids: Direct Matrix–Current application (DM-CA) and Direct Matrix-Impedance Approximation (DM-IA) methods that stand out with respect to accuracy, convergence and computational effort which means they can be used for planning, optimization and analysis purposes of practical dc grids.
Four complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with Schiff base ligand (H3L) derived from 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid and acetylacetonate were synthesized. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and electronic spectroscopy. The results confirmed the coordination of the ligand to metals in tridentate fashion via the hydroxyl oxygen, the azomethine nitrogen and the enolic acetylacetonate oxygen. Antimicrobial activities were established for all complexes, free ligand and ciprofloxacin for comparison. Both the ligand and its metal complexes were active against Gram-positive and negative bacterial strains. The Cu(II) complex, showed highest antibacterial activity among the complexes screened. Other complexes displayed considerable antibacterial activity. Octahedral geometry was proposed for the metal(II) complexes with the Schiff base. KEY WORDS: Schiff base, Amino acid, Metal Complexes, Antibacterial agents Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 97-106. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.8
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