were no significant differences among white-American girls and Russian girls, and there were no ethnic differences between boys in the prevalence of dieting. WhiteAmerican girls and black-American girls were much more likely to identify being overweight as an important nutritional concern than were Russian girls (odds ratios >lo), and there were no ethnic differences among boys. We conclude that preferences for body size, the prevalence of dieting, and concerns about being overweight were similar in Russian and white-American teens, with the exception of Russian teenaged girls who were less likely than American girls to identify being overweight as an important concern. Overall, weight-related attitudes and behaviors in Russian teenagers were more similar to those of white-American teenagers than those of black-American teenagers.Key words: obesity, black Americans, adolescence, weight loss, body weight IntroductionIt has been hypothesized that weight-related attitudes and behaviors are influenced by the level of economic development and the associated availability of food. According to this theory, an ideal for thinness develops among affluent cultures whereas a preference for plumpness develops among those threatened with food shortages (4,14,36,40). Although attitudes toward body size and dieting behavior have been studied in the United States and in several other cultures (3,5,13,17,21,24,26-3 1,33,42,48), we know of no studies that have examined these issues in a Russian population. The goals of this study were to describe nutrition and weight-related attitudes and behaviors in Russian adolescents and to contrast them with white-American and black-American adolescents.
Aim. To study the relationship of individual cardiovascular risk factors with arterial stiffness and subclinical atherosclerosis in young men. Material and methods. The study is part of a 32-year prospective cohort monitoring of males, beginning with childhood (11-12 years). The study included 303 (30.1%) representatives of the initial population sample aged 41-44 who underwent an outpatient examination at the State Research Center for Preventive Medicine in 2015-2016. The examination included a survey by a standard questionnaire, measurement of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure (BP), pulse counting. Biochemical assays were carried out according to standard laboratory procedures. Applanation tonometry was used to measure stiffness of the arterial wall. Intima-media thickness (IMT) and subclinical atherosclerosis signs were determined in both left and right carotid arteries by ultrasound scanning. Results. Arterial stiffness and central pressure were significantly higher in the group with hypertension (HT). Risk of HT development depended on HT presence in mother and did not depend on HT in father. HT was associated with obesity (79.4% vs 44.3%; p<0.001), especially of abdominal type and elevated triglycerides (1.3±0.9 vs 1.8±1.1 mmol/l; p<0.05), this indirectly reflected nutritional disorder and development of metabolic syndrome. The analysis of arterial stiffness parameters showed positive correlation with mean systolic (r=0.256) and diastolic (r=0.228) BP in the brachial artery and also with heart rate (r=0.133). A statistically significant positive correlation of central pressure in the aorta and pulse BP with indices of arterial stiffness was noted. When comparing arterial stiffness and duplex scans, a correlation of mean IMT with the augmentation index (r=0.131) and augmentation BP (r=0.125) was obtained, but no correlation between IMT and pulse wave velocity was found. Correlation of vascular rigidity with total cholesterol level was also noted (r=0.121). Conclusion. The arterial stiffness was closely related to HT and already developed in early stages, in a fairly young age. Arterial stiffness in men was not associated with dyslipidemia and diabetes presence. Interrelation of arterial stiffness and degree of early atherosclerotic vascular lesions was ambiguous.
Цель. Изучить влияние ожирения в детском и зрелом возрасте на показатели артериальной жесткости, центрального аортального давления в популяционной выборке мужчин 42-43 лет. Материал и методы. Представленное исследование является частью 32-летнего проспективного, когортного наблюдения за лицами мужского пола, начиная с детского возраста (11-12 лет). Через 32 года обследованы 303 (30,1%) представителя исходной популяционной выборки-1005 человек. В анализ включены 290 человек. Средний возраст мужчин на момент настоящего обследования составил 42,9 лет. Обследование включало опрос по стандартной анкете, измерение антропометрических показателей, артериального давления (АД), подсчет пульса. Измерение жесткости артериальной стенки и центрального давления проводилось методом аппланационной тонометрии. Результаты. Согласно нашим данным из 290 мужчин в возрасте 43 лет только 95 (32,8%) имеют нормальную массу тела (МТ), у 111 (38,3%) выявлена избыточная МТ (ИМТ), а у 84 (28,9%)-ожирение (ОЖ). Мужчины с ОЖ и ИМТ во взрослом возрасте имели статистически значимую ИМТ уже в детском возрасте. Центральное аортальное АД (ЦАД) как суррогатный показатель жесткости сосудов было статистически значимо выше в группах с ОЖ и ИМТ. Корреляционный анализ выявил статистически значимую положительную взаимосвязь между показателями, характеризующими ОЖ в детском возрасте (индекс Кетле, толщина кожных складок), и уровнем АД в детском возрасте. Имеется положительная корреляция между толщиной кожных складок в детстве с ЦАД во взрослом возрасте, а также слабая положительная связь между периферическим систолическим АД (пСАД) в детстве и центральным систолическим АД (цСАД) во взрослом возрасте. Из потенциальных предикторов, оцененных в возрасте 12 лет и включенных в регрессионную модель, только толщина кожной складки под лопаткой (КСЛ) оказывает влияние на значение цСАД в возрасте 43 лет. С увеличением толщины КСЛ в детском возрасте на 1 мм связано повышение цСАД во взрослом состоянии на 0,4 мм.рт.ст. Среди предикторов, оцененных во взрослом возрасте, статистически значимое влияние на уровень цСАД оказывают пСАД, периферическое диастолическое АД (пДАД) и индекс Кетле. На значение центрального диастолического АД (цДАД) в возрасте 43 лет оказывает влияние толщина кожной складки на животе в 12-летнем возрасте. Среди потенциальных предикторов, оцененных во взрослом возрасте, статистически значимое влияние на уровень цДАД оказывают пДАД, показатели ожирения. Заключение. Во взрослом возрасте центральное аортальное давление максимально зависит от повышения периферического АД и показателей, характеризующих ожирение. Из детских предикторов (12-летнего возраста) значение имело только ожирение.
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