This study aims to investigate chip formation and surface generation during the precision turning of stainless steel 316L samples. A Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to simulate the chipping process of the stainless steel but with only a restricted number of process parameters. A set of turning tests was carried out using tungsten carbide tools under similar cutting conditions to validate the results obtained from the FEM for the chipping process and at the same time to experimentally examine the generated surface roughness. These results helped in the analysis and understanding the chip formation process and the surface generation phenomena during the cutting process, especially on micro scale. Good agreement between experiments and FEM results was found, which confirmed that the cutting process was accurately simulated by the FEM and allowed the identification of the optimum process parameters to ensure high performance. Results obtained from the simulation revealed that, an applied feed equals to 0.75 of edge radius of new cutting tool is the optimal cutting conditions for stainless steel 316L. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrated that in contrast to conventional turning processes, a nonlinear relationship was found between the feed rate and obtainable surface roughness, with a minimum surface roughness obtained when the feed rate laid between 0.75 and 1.25 times the original cutting edge radius, for new and worn tools, respectively.

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This study was conducted on a calcareous saltaffected soil at Ras Sudr area, South Sinai governorate during season of (2006&2007), to evaluate the influence of trickle irrigation systems (Surface and Sub-surface) on wheat crop cultivation under saline conditions of soil and water. Also, this work includes different water management technique, (quantities and discharges). The objective of the present work is to implement some of these discharges and water deficit in computing actual evapotranspiration of wheat under desert conditions, to maximize the yield production of wheat under trickle irrigation systems to save more water quantities and to keep the soil sustainable from degradation. Results of this study may be revealed that:1-Highest yield (2254.3 kg/fed.) and growth parameters Leaf Area Index "LAI" of (85%), weight grain "W" of (61.6gm) and crude protein "P" of (15.4%) were obtained under subsurface trickle irrigation system at 100% applied water quantity and 8L/h emitter discharge . 2-Lowest actual evapotranspiration "Eta", for (Initial, development, mid-season, late-season) growth stages and seasonal, (34, 103, 80.4, 48.1 and 265.3 mm) respectively, were obtained under subsurface trickle irrigation system at 100% applied water quantity and 8L/h emitter discharge. 3-Water use efficiency for surface and subsurface trickle irrigation systems at 80% applied water quantity and 8L/h emitter discharge was (1.17 and 2.25 kg/m 3 ) resp.